APEA- Pharm Cardiovascular
The side effect profile of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) is similar to the side effects of:
angiotensin-converting enzymes (ACE) inhibitors.
beta-blockers.
calcium channel blockers.
pressors. - ANS-angiotensin-converting enzymes (ACE) inhibitors.
Isosorbide dinitrate (Isordil) is indicated for the treatment of:
acute angina.
chronic angina.
myocardial infarction.
esophageal spasm. - ANS-chronic angina.
Isosorbide dinitrate (Isordil) titradose tablets are indicated for the prevention of angina pectoris
due to coronary artery disease. The onset of action of immediate-release oral isosorbide
dinitrate is not sufficiently rapid for this product to be useful in aborting an acute anginal
episode. Therefore, it is not indicated in the treatment of acute angina and myocardial infarction.
The treatment of esophageal spasms disorders is an off-label use.
Non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (i.e. verapamil) may be safely used in patients
with:
heart failure.
bradycardia.
second-degree AV block.
chronic stable angina. - ANS-chronic stable angina.
Non-dihydropyridine CCBs (non-DHP CCB; i.e. verapamil [Calan] and diltiazem [Cardizem])
have negative chronotropic and inotropic effects. Therefore, they slow down heart rate and
decrease force of ventricular contractions. Non-DHP CCBs are contraindicated in patients with
heart failure who have reduced ejection fraction, sick sinus syndrome, and second- or
third-degree atrioventricular block. Since non-DHP CCBs increase myocardial blood flow by
dilating coronary arteries, they are beneficial in patients with chronic stable angina.
Patients who are started on olmesartan (Benicar) should be advised to report:
bladder spasms and dysuria.
constipation and weakness.
diarrhea and weight loss.
metallic taste and easy bruising. - ANS-diarrhea and weight loss.
, Patients should be advised to report persistent chronic diarrhea and weight loss while taking
olmesartan medoxomil (Benicar). This drug can produce a sprue-like enteropathy characterized
by severe chronic diarrhea and weight loss occurring months to years after initiation of the drug.
Benicar is an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB). Once other etiologies have been excluded,
discontinue Benicar and consider an alternative hypertension treatment.
The medication that produces vasodilation and thus lowers blood pressure by inhibiting the
formation of angiotensin II is:
amlodipine (Norvasc).
losartan (Cozaar).
enalapril (Vasotec).
metoprolol (Lopressor). - ANS-enalapril (Vasotec).
Amlodipine (Norvasc) is a calcium channel blocker, losartan (Cozaar) is an angiotensin II
receptor blocker, and metoprolol (Lopressor) is a beta-blocker.
Dabigatran (Pradaxa), an anticoagulant, is also classified as a:
direct factor Xa inhibitor.
direct thrombin inhibitor.
indirect thrombin inhibitor.
factor V inhibitor. - ANS-direct thrombin inhibitor.
Dabigatran (Pradaxa) is a direct thrombin inhibitor (DTI). Medications in this class inactivate
circulating and clotting thrombin (factor IIa). They prevent thrombin (central to the generation of
a thrombus) from attaching fibrinogen to fibrin.
Key advantages of using DTIs instead of heparin is that they: produce a more predictable
anticoagulant effect due to their lack of binding to other plasma proteins; exert an antiplatelet
effect; and do not cause immune-mediated thrombocytopenia.
Loop diuretics such as bumetanide (Bumex):
produce a large volume of diuresis even at very low doses.
are more commonly used in patients with a decreased glomerular filtration rate.
reduce blood pressure as effectively as thiazide diuretics when used as monotherapy.
can be safely administered to patients who have sulfonamide agent allergies. - ANS-are more
commonly used in patients with a decreased glomerular filtration rate.
Loop diuretics are commonly used to control volume retention and are more commonly
prescribed for patients with decreased glomerular filtration rate or heart failure. Loop diuretics
do not reduce blood pressure as effectively as thiazide diuretics when they are used as
monotherapy. They possess a sulfonamide group, which has important clinical relevance for
patients with allergies to sulfonamide agents.
It is safe to use ranolazine (Ranexa) concomitantly with:
The side effect profile of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) is similar to the side effects of:
angiotensin-converting enzymes (ACE) inhibitors.
beta-blockers.
calcium channel blockers.
pressors. - ANS-angiotensin-converting enzymes (ACE) inhibitors.
Isosorbide dinitrate (Isordil) is indicated for the treatment of:
acute angina.
chronic angina.
myocardial infarction.
esophageal spasm. - ANS-chronic angina.
Isosorbide dinitrate (Isordil) titradose tablets are indicated for the prevention of angina pectoris
due to coronary artery disease. The onset of action of immediate-release oral isosorbide
dinitrate is not sufficiently rapid for this product to be useful in aborting an acute anginal
episode. Therefore, it is not indicated in the treatment of acute angina and myocardial infarction.
The treatment of esophageal spasms disorders is an off-label use.
Non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers (i.e. verapamil) may be safely used in patients
with:
heart failure.
bradycardia.
second-degree AV block.
chronic stable angina. - ANS-chronic stable angina.
Non-dihydropyridine CCBs (non-DHP CCB; i.e. verapamil [Calan] and diltiazem [Cardizem])
have negative chronotropic and inotropic effects. Therefore, they slow down heart rate and
decrease force of ventricular contractions. Non-DHP CCBs are contraindicated in patients with
heart failure who have reduced ejection fraction, sick sinus syndrome, and second- or
third-degree atrioventricular block. Since non-DHP CCBs increase myocardial blood flow by
dilating coronary arteries, they are beneficial in patients with chronic stable angina.
Patients who are started on olmesartan (Benicar) should be advised to report:
bladder spasms and dysuria.
constipation and weakness.
diarrhea and weight loss.
metallic taste and easy bruising. - ANS-diarrhea and weight loss.
, Patients should be advised to report persistent chronic diarrhea and weight loss while taking
olmesartan medoxomil (Benicar). This drug can produce a sprue-like enteropathy characterized
by severe chronic diarrhea and weight loss occurring months to years after initiation of the drug.
Benicar is an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB). Once other etiologies have been excluded,
discontinue Benicar and consider an alternative hypertension treatment.
The medication that produces vasodilation and thus lowers blood pressure by inhibiting the
formation of angiotensin II is:
amlodipine (Norvasc).
losartan (Cozaar).
enalapril (Vasotec).
metoprolol (Lopressor). - ANS-enalapril (Vasotec).
Amlodipine (Norvasc) is a calcium channel blocker, losartan (Cozaar) is an angiotensin II
receptor blocker, and metoprolol (Lopressor) is a beta-blocker.
Dabigatran (Pradaxa), an anticoagulant, is also classified as a:
direct factor Xa inhibitor.
direct thrombin inhibitor.
indirect thrombin inhibitor.
factor V inhibitor. - ANS-direct thrombin inhibitor.
Dabigatran (Pradaxa) is a direct thrombin inhibitor (DTI). Medications in this class inactivate
circulating and clotting thrombin (factor IIa). They prevent thrombin (central to the generation of
a thrombus) from attaching fibrinogen to fibrin.
Key advantages of using DTIs instead of heparin is that they: produce a more predictable
anticoagulant effect due to their lack of binding to other plasma proteins; exert an antiplatelet
effect; and do not cause immune-mediated thrombocytopenia.
Loop diuretics such as bumetanide (Bumex):
produce a large volume of diuresis even at very low doses.
are more commonly used in patients with a decreased glomerular filtration rate.
reduce blood pressure as effectively as thiazide diuretics when used as monotherapy.
can be safely administered to patients who have sulfonamide agent allergies. - ANS-are more
commonly used in patients with a decreased glomerular filtration rate.
Loop diuretics are commonly used to control volume retention and are more commonly
prescribed for patients with decreased glomerular filtration rate or heart failure. Loop diuretics
do not reduce blood pressure as effectively as thiazide diuretics when they are used as
monotherapy. They possess a sulfonamide group, which has important clinical relevance for
patients with allergies to sulfonamide agents.
It is safe to use ranolazine (Ranexa) concomitantly with:
