KNPE 125 UNIT 1 WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 100% VERIFIED!!
homeostasis - ANSWER>>the maintenance of internal conditions
- regulated by controlling infow and outflow
- altered by feed back and feed forward systems
conservation of mass - ANSWER>>/_\ mass = inflow - outflow
flow - ANSWER>>the movement of mass from one location to another
flow = gradient x conductance
gradient - ANSWER>>change in mass from one area to another
/_\ P = P1 - P2
equilibrium - ANSWER>>no difference in pressure between areas (no /_\ P)
conductance - ANSWER>>the ability of a mass to pass between 2 areas
conductor = roads
* in a traffic jam conductance is LOW
*electricity has a LOW conductance in rubber
feedback - ANSWER>>error signal is sensed and a controlled response is triggered to
CORRECT the change
ex.
regulated variable= speed
sensor= speedometer
,feedback controller= increased gas flow to engine
effector= increase in speed
feed forward - ANSWER>>happens before the error signal is detected (do not respond
directly thus the responses can be wild and uncontrolled)
negative feedback - ANSWER>>ex. heart rate
- changes are sensed and a response is triggered to bring the regulated variable **back
to normal**
**MORE CONTROLLED THAN FEEDFORWARD
positive feedback - ANSWER>>ex. LH hormone
- changes are sensed and a response is triggered
-ex. the variable increases, the response will continue to **increase the variable**
**MORE CONTROLLED THAN FEEDFORWARD
feed forward - ANSWER>>ex. muscle metabolism
- anticipatory response that triggers a change in one variable due to feedback from
another variable (not the regulated variable)
- the disturbance is measured prior to the change
- ex. thinking about standing up BP
hormones - ANSWER>>- secreted by endocrine glands
only acts on cells with the appropriate receptors
neurotransmitters - ANSWER>>chemical secreted by neurons
, paracrines - ANSWER>>released by a cell to act on a neighboring cell
** does NOT travel thru the blood
channel linked receptor - ANSWER>>a signalling molecule binds to receptor causing
ion chanel to open/close
- ex. calcium enters by channel linked receptor to allow for muscle contraction
enzyme linked receptor - ANSWER>>signalling molecule binds to receptor activating
an enzyme
- receptor then modifies another protein to activate an intracellular response
G protein linked receptor - ANSWER>>have 3 subunits (B,Y,a)
- GDP is bound to the a subunit
- GDP -> GTP
- the a subunit is released to act on effectors
3 types of G protein effectors - ANSWER>>1. channel effectors (acts directly on slow
ligand gated ion channel - opens/closes)
2. Stimulatory (activate amplifier enzymes- catalyze the production of a 2nd messanger)
3. Inhibitory (inhibit the amplifier enzymes)
Free energy change ( /_\ E ) - ANSWER>>the amount of energy a molecule contains
/_\E = free energy in products - free energy in substrates
homeostasis - ANSWER>>the maintenance of internal conditions
- regulated by controlling infow and outflow
- altered by feed back and feed forward systems
conservation of mass - ANSWER>>/_\ mass = inflow - outflow
flow - ANSWER>>the movement of mass from one location to another
flow = gradient x conductance
gradient - ANSWER>>change in mass from one area to another
/_\ P = P1 - P2
equilibrium - ANSWER>>no difference in pressure between areas (no /_\ P)
conductance - ANSWER>>the ability of a mass to pass between 2 areas
conductor = roads
* in a traffic jam conductance is LOW
*electricity has a LOW conductance in rubber
feedback - ANSWER>>error signal is sensed and a controlled response is triggered to
CORRECT the change
ex.
regulated variable= speed
sensor= speedometer
,feedback controller= increased gas flow to engine
effector= increase in speed
feed forward - ANSWER>>happens before the error signal is detected (do not respond
directly thus the responses can be wild and uncontrolled)
negative feedback - ANSWER>>ex. heart rate
- changes are sensed and a response is triggered to bring the regulated variable **back
to normal**
**MORE CONTROLLED THAN FEEDFORWARD
positive feedback - ANSWER>>ex. LH hormone
- changes are sensed and a response is triggered
-ex. the variable increases, the response will continue to **increase the variable**
**MORE CONTROLLED THAN FEEDFORWARD
feed forward - ANSWER>>ex. muscle metabolism
- anticipatory response that triggers a change in one variable due to feedback from
another variable (not the regulated variable)
- the disturbance is measured prior to the change
- ex. thinking about standing up BP
hormones - ANSWER>>- secreted by endocrine glands
only acts on cells with the appropriate receptors
neurotransmitters - ANSWER>>chemical secreted by neurons
, paracrines - ANSWER>>released by a cell to act on a neighboring cell
** does NOT travel thru the blood
channel linked receptor - ANSWER>>a signalling molecule binds to receptor causing
ion chanel to open/close
- ex. calcium enters by channel linked receptor to allow for muscle contraction
enzyme linked receptor - ANSWER>>signalling molecule binds to receptor activating
an enzyme
- receptor then modifies another protein to activate an intracellular response
G protein linked receptor - ANSWER>>have 3 subunits (B,Y,a)
- GDP is bound to the a subunit
- GDP -> GTP
- the a subunit is released to act on effectors
3 types of G protein effectors - ANSWER>>1. channel effectors (acts directly on slow
ligand gated ion channel - opens/closes)
2. Stimulatory (activate amplifier enzymes- catalyze the production of a 2nd messanger)
3. Inhibitory (inhibit the amplifier enzymes)
Free energy change ( /_\ E ) - ANSWER>>the amount of energy a molecule contains
/_\E = free energy in products - free energy in substrates
