x
x
CSMLS REVIEW HISTOLOGY x x
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST x x x
x
x
TOP SCORE. x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Grossing x- xcorrect xanswers.described xtissues x(size, xweight, xcolour) x x
Large xtissue xtake xsection x(want xouter xedge xof xbad xand xsome xnormal, xand xlymph
xnodes) x xsmall xtissue xdo xwhole xthing x x
x
Put xin xformalin xto xstart xto xfix x x
x
Immunoflourescent xstudies xnot xfixed x x
x
Brain xfixed xseveral xdays xbefore xbeing xgrossed x(large xcontainer) xvia xcircle xof
xwillis
x
avoid xcone xhead xartifact x(big xenough xcontainer
xreq)
x
Uterus x(cut xopen xand xthen xfixed)
xcervix xis xof xconcern xand xfibroids x x
x
Masectomy xprolonged xfixation x x
x
lung xinflated xwith xformalin x x
x
Hematology x = x mercury x fixative
x(spleen) x
x x
sliced xfirst x (capsule x slows
xfixation)
x
Dictation xof xwhat xis xin xeach xcassette x
x
Fixation xDelay x- xcorrect xanswers.If xnot xdone xproperly xcannot xbe
xcorrected
x x
Goal xis xto xpreserve
xmorphology
x
If xdelayed x x
- cell xswelling x(larger), xdue xto xosmotic xbalance xwater xaccumulated x
- glassy xcytoplasm x(clearer), xglycogen xis xused xup x x
,-Eosinophilia: xuse xof xglycogen x= xlactic xacid, xlower xpH, xdenature xproteins, xincrease
xpos, xincrease xeosin, xorganelles x(RER) xbroken xdown xdecreased xHx x x
- Surface xchanges: xlow xpH xdenature xfilaments, xlose xcell xattachments
x(Desmosomes), xdesquamation x(CHAOS) x
- Nuclear xchanges: xlysosomes xneed xexact xpH xto xkeep xenzymes xinactive x(need xE),
xwhen xgone xenzymes xactive x= xnuclease x x
x
Karyolysis: xChromatin xfades x x
Pyknosis: xnucleus xshrinks xand xdark x x
Karyorrhexis: xFragment xnucleus x x
Putrefaction: xbacteria xproliferate, xenzymes xdamage xtissues x
Autolysis: xdamage xtissue xno xnuclei x
x
Types xof xfixatives x- xcorrect xanswers.Chemical x x
- change xprotein xshape x(denature) xinactive xenzymes x x
Picric xacid, xformaldehyde, xmercuric xchloride, xdichromate, xosmium xtetroxide, xzinc
xsalts, xalcohol x
x
x x
Physical
- xheat xremoves x water, x changing x shape x inactive
xenzymes x
x
Air xdried x (heme
xmalignancy) x
x x
post xfixed x with
xmethanol
x
Coating xfixatives x= xspray
xcovers x x x
x
Fluid
xspecimens x
- xcentrifuge xand xthen
xsmear
x
Chemical xFixative xdetails x(coagulant) x- xcorrect xanswers.Coagulant xfixatives x(type
xof x
x
chemical)
x
Alcohol
x(smears)
x
Acetic xacid(w/others)inc xnuclear
xdetail
x x
Acetone= xfix xfrozen
xsections
x
Mercury x(not xused xalone= xcompound)
xenhanced xnuclear xstaining x(hematology) x x
,toxic xand xcorrosive x
ARTIFACT xblack xpigment x(not xaround xblood x- xlike xformalin xpigment, x x
****remove xwith xlugol's xiodine xand xsodium xthiosulphate) x x
x
Zinc xsulfate x x
x
safer xthan
xmercury x
Ag xpreservation, xstabilizes xprotein xconformation x(histidine x and
xcysteine) x
x
Picric xacid x(phenol) x(coagulation/additive) x
xalso xa xstain x x
fix xwith xalcohol xafter x(keeps xsalt xpicrates xthat xare xformed) x x
*** xexplosive xwhen xdry x x
improved xstaining xwith xanionic xdyes xbc xacid x x
has xyellow xcolour xremoved xwith xwashing xin xhigh xpH x
x
Aldehyde xFixatives x- xcorrect xanswers.Non-coagulant x
Formalin xand xglutaraldehyde x x
formaldehyde x= xgas-> xsaturated x= xaqueous xformalin
x100% x xused xat x10% xformalin x3.7% xformaldehyde xslow
xat xacidic, xfast xin xalkaline x*** x
x
paraformaldehyde x= xprecipitate xpolymer xwhite x( xleads xto xineffective xfixation)
xsome x
x x
methanol xcan
xprevent
x
Formalin xpigment x x
Spontaneous xoxidation= xformic xacid xlower xpH x xin
xbloody xtissues x(when xhgb xbreaks xinto xacid
xhematein) x xprevented xby xbuffering xor xmake xfresh x x
** xRemove xwith xalcoholic xpicric xacid x x
x
Formalin xpenetrates xfast xbut xfixes xslow x(24 xhr x(can xstart xwith xformalin xand
xfinish xin x
x x
alcohol xto xspeed
xup)
x
glutaraldehyde xfixation x-
xlarger, xslower xpenetration
x
- xleaves xfree xeldehyde x(false xPAS x+) x
xox xquickly x(keep xsealed) x x
for xelectron xmicroscopy x(harder, xmore xlinks x= xultrastructure xpreserved) x
xfixes x<2 xhours x
x
Mechanism xof xfixation x- xcorrect xanswers.1) xformalin xbind xfunctional xgroup xand xadd x
, CH2OH x(temporary, xcan xbe xwashed xaway) xadding xOH xgroup x= xhemiacetal x
2) xmethylene xbridge xformation x= xlink xfunctional xgroups xvia xOH x(24hr xto xform)
x xnot xeasily xreverse x
x
Effects xof xfixation x- xcorrect xanswers.Less xeosin/anionic xstaining x
1) xmethylene xbridges xand xhemiacetal xinvolves xamino xgroups x(cationic) x(less
xstained) x x= xeosin x(anionic) xstaining xreduced x x
x
x x
2) xaminos xnot xnear xothers x= xonly xhemiacetal xno
xbridge
these xoxidized xto xcarboxylic xacid xresidues x(neg) xincreased xneg xdecreased
xeosin
x
lipids xpreserved xin xformalin xbut xlost xin xalcohols xand
xxylene x
x x
preserves xnucleic xacids xand xnuclear
xproteins
x
No xeffect xon
xcarbs
x
Oxidizing xagents xfixatives x- x correct x answers.Osmium
xtetroxide x
x
slow
x
e-
xmicroscopy x
x x
also xlipid xstain
x(Black)
x
Potassium xdichromate-compound xZenkers x
2 xforms x x
pH x>3.4 xpotassium xdichromate x(noncoag)
xrapid, xgood xstaining, xlipids xfixed x
used xfor xpheochromocytomas x(POS x= xbrown xovernight) xadrenal xmedulla x
xpH x<3.4 x= xchromic xacid x(coag) x
SLOW xbut xsimilar x
x
Compound xfixatives x- xcorrect xanswers.Bouins x
xpicric xacid*explosive, xformalin, xacetic xacid x
xenhanced xtrichrome x
good xfor xnuclear xdetail x(testicular xbiopsy)
xremoves xCa xand xIron x(Fouchet xor xperls xBAD) x
xhydrolyzes xDNA xnot xfor xEM x
hardening xif x>24 xhr x
x
Zenkers x(not xused) x x
Mercuric xchloride, xpotassium xdichromate, xsodium xsulphate x+ xacetic xacid xat
xend xmade xjust xbefore xuse x x good xroutine xstaining x(heme) x x
x
CSMLS REVIEW HISTOLOGY x x
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST x x x
x
x
TOP SCORE. x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Grossing x- xcorrect xanswers.described xtissues x(size, xweight, xcolour) x x
Large xtissue xtake xsection x(want xouter xedge xof xbad xand xsome xnormal, xand xlymph
xnodes) x xsmall xtissue xdo xwhole xthing x x
x
Put xin xformalin xto xstart xto xfix x x
x
Immunoflourescent xstudies xnot xfixed x x
x
Brain xfixed xseveral xdays xbefore xbeing xgrossed x(large xcontainer) xvia xcircle xof
xwillis
x
avoid xcone xhead xartifact x(big xenough xcontainer
xreq)
x
Uterus x(cut xopen xand xthen xfixed)
xcervix xis xof xconcern xand xfibroids x x
x
Masectomy xprolonged xfixation x x
x
lung xinflated xwith xformalin x x
x
Hematology x = x mercury x fixative
x(spleen) x
x x
sliced xfirst x (capsule x slows
xfixation)
x
Dictation xof xwhat xis xin xeach xcassette x
x
Fixation xDelay x- xcorrect xanswers.If xnot xdone xproperly xcannot xbe
xcorrected
x x
Goal xis xto xpreserve
xmorphology
x
If xdelayed x x
- cell xswelling x(larger), xdue xto xosmotic xbalance xwater xaccumulated x
- glassy xcytoplasm x(clearer), xglycogen xis xused xup x x
,-Eosinophilia: xuse xof xglycogen x= xlactic xacid, xlower xpH, xdenature xproteins, xincrease
xpos, xincrease xeosin, xorganelles x(RER) xbroken xdown xdecreased xHx x x
- Surface xchanges: xlow xpH xdenature xfilaments, xlose xcell xattachments
x(Desmosomes), xdesquamation x(CHAOS) x
- Nuclear xchanges: xlysosomes xneed xexact xpH xto xkeep xenzymes xinactive x(need xE),
xwhen xgone xenzymes xactive x= xnuclease x x
x
Karyolysis: xChromatin xfades x x
Pyknosis: xnucleus xshrinks xand xdark x x
Karyorrhexis: xFragment xnucleus x x
Putrefaction: xbacteria xproliferate, xenzymes xdamage xtissues x
Autolysis: xdamage xtissue xno xnuclei x
x
Types xof xfixatives x- xcorrect xanswers.Chemical x x
- change xprotein xshape x(denature) xinactive xenzymes x x
Picric xacid, xformaldehyde, xmercuric xchloride, xdichromate, xosmium xtetroxide, xzinc
xsalts, xalcohol x
x
x x
Physical
- xheat xremoves x water, x changing x shape x inactive
xenzymes x
x
Air xdried x (heme
xmalignancy) x
x x
post xfixed x with
xmethanol
x
Coating xfixatives x= xspray
xcovers x x x
x
Fluid
xspecimens x
- xcentrifuge xand xthen
xsmear
x
Chemical xFixative xdetails x(coagulant) x- xcorrect xanswers.Coagulant xfixatives x(type
xof x
x
chemical)
x
Alcohol
x(smears)
x
Acetic xacid(w/others)inc xnuclear
xdetail
x x
Acetone= xfix xfrozen
xsections
x
Mercury x(not xused xalone= xcompound)
xenhanced xnuclear xstaining x(hematology) x x
,toxic xand xcorrosive x
ARTIFACT xblack xpigment x(not xaround xblood x- xlike xformalin xpigment, x x
****remove xwith xlugol's xiodine xand xsodium xthiosulphate) x x
x
Zinc xsulfate x x
x
safer xthan
xmercury x
Ag xpreservation, xstabilizes xprotein xconformation x(histidine x and
xcysteine) x
x
Picric xacid x(phenol) x(coagulation/additive) x
xalso xa xstain x x
fix xwith xalcohol xafter x(keeps xsalt xpicrates xthat xare xformed) x x
*** xexplosive xwhen xdry x x
improved xstaining xwith xanionic xdyes xbc xacid x x
has xyellow xcolour xremoved xwith xwashing xin xhigh xpH x
x
Aldehyde xFixatives x- xcorrect xanswers.Non-coagulant x
Formalin xand xglutaraldehyde x x
formaldehyde x= xgas-> xsaturated x= xaqueous xformalin
x100% x xused xat x10% xformalin x3.7% xformaldehyde xslow
xat xacidic, xfast xin xalkaline x*** x
x
paraformaldehyde x= xprecipitate xpolymer xwhite x( xleads xto xineffective xfixation)
xsome x
x x
methanol xcan
xprevent
x
Formalin xpigment x x
Spontaneous xoxidation= xformic xacid xlower xpH x xin
xbloody xtissues x(when xhgb xbreaks xinto xacid
xhematein) x xprevented xby xbuffering xor xmake xfresh x x
** xRemove xwith xalcoholic xpicric xacid x x
x
Formalin xpenetrates xfast xbut xfixes xslow x(24 xhr x(can xstart xwith xformalin xand
xfinish xin x
x x
alcohol xto xspeed
xup)
x
glutaraldehyde xfixation x-
xlarger, xslower xpenetration
x
- xleaves xfree xeldehyde x(false xPAS x+) x
xox xquickly x(keep xsealed) x x
for xelectron xmicroscopy x(harder, xmore xlinks x= xultrastructure xpreserved) x
xfixes x<2 xhours x
x
Mechanism xof xfixation x- xcorrect xanswers.1) xformalin xbind xfunctional xgroup xand xadd x
, CH2OH x(temporary, xcan xbe xwashed xaway) xadding xOH xgroup x= xhemiacetal x
2) xmethylene xbridge xformation x= xlink xfunctional xgroups xvia xOH x(24hr xto xform)
x xnot xeasily xreverse x
x
Effects xof xfixation x- xcorrect xanswers.Less xeosin/anionic xstaining x
1) xmethylene xbridges xand xhemiacetal xinvolves xamino xgroups x(cationic) x(less
xstained) x x= xeosin x(anionic) xstaining xreduced x x
x
x x
2) xaminos xnot xnear xothers x= xonly xhemiacetal xno
xbridge
these xoxidized xto xcarboxylic xacid xresidues x(neg) xincreased xneg xdecreased
xeosin
x
lipids xpreserved xin xformalin xbut xlost xin xalcohols xand
xxylene x
x x
preserves xnucleic xacids xand xnuclear
xproteins
x
No xeffect xon
xcarbs
x
Oxidizing xagents xfixatives x- x correct x answers.Osmium
xtetroxide x
x
slow
x
e-
xmicroscopy x
x x
also xlipid xstain
x(Black)
x
Potassium xdichromate-compound xZenkers x
2 xforms x x
pH x>3.4 xpotassium xdichromate x(noncoag)
xrapid, xgood xstaining, xlipids xfixed x
used xfor xpheochromocytomas x(POS x= xbrown xovernight) xadrenal xmedulla x
xpH x<3.4 x= xchromic xacid x(coag) x
SLOW xbut xsimilar x
x
Compound xfixatives x- xcorrect xanswers.Bouins x
xpicric xacid*explosive, xformalin, xacetic xacid x
xenhanced xtrichrome x
good xfor xnuclear xdetail x(testicular xbiopsy)
xremoves xCa xand xIron x(Fouchet xor xperls xBAD) x
xhydrolyzes xDNA xnot xfor xEM x
hardening xif x>24 xhr x
x
Zenkers x(not xused) x x
Mercuric xchloride, xpotassium xdichromate, xsodium xsulphate x+ xacetic xacid xat
xend xmade xjust xbefore xuse x x good xroutine xstaining x(heme) x x
