TABLE OF CONTENTS
Purpose and Perspective of the Chapter.................................................................................................... 2
Chapter Objectives ...................................................................................................................................... 2
Complete List of Chapter Activities and Assessments .............................................................................. 2
Key Terms .................................................................................................................................................... 3
What’s New in This Chapter ...................................................................................................................... 3
Chapter Outline ........................................................................................................................................... 3
Lesson Hints ................................................................................................................................................. 5
Reading Assignment .................................................................................................................................... 5
Written Assignments ................................................................................................................................... 5
Chapter 1 Answers To Study Questions ..................................................................................................... 5
Chapter 1 Answers To ASE-Style Review Questions .................................................................................... 6
,PURPOSE AND PERSPECTIVE OF THE CHAPTER
The purpose of this chapter is to introduce students to the basic construction and operation of an internal
combustion engine. It describes the many engine components and how to identify the various pieces. Also
explained are the different engine classifications along with the different systems and how they work
together to keep the engine operating effectively.
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of this chapter, the student should be able to:
Explain the principles of internal combustion engine operation.
Identify internal combustion engine parts by name.
Explain various engine classifications and systems.
COMPLETE LIST OF CHAPTER ACTIVITIES AND ASSESSMENTS
For additional guidance, refer to the Teaching Online Guide.
Chapter Activity/Assessment Source (i.e., PPT Duration
Objective slide, Workbook)
Explain the Icebreaker PPT slide 2 10–15 mins
principles of
internal
combustion
engine operation.
Identify internal Activity PPT slide 27 10–20 minutes
combustion
engine parts by
name.
Explain various Self-Assessment PPT slide 29 5–10 minutes
engine
classifications
and
systems.
[return to top]
,KEY TERMS
BDC: Bottom Dead Center, referring to the location of the piston at the bottom of the stroke
bimetal engine: Engines composed of cast iron block and aluminum heads
blowby: Gasses that escape past piston rings
companion cylinders: term given to pairs of cylinders found in engines with even number of cylinders
compression ratio: the ratio at which the air fuel gas mixture is compressed
displacement: refers to the volume that the piston displaces in the cylinder
firing order: The sequence in which the spark plugs fire in each cylinder
lower end: Refers to the location at the bottom of the block where the crankshaft and bearings are
located
TDC: Top Dead Center, referring to the location of the piston at the top of the stroke
transverse engine: term given to the engines in front wheel drive vehicles
[return to top]
WHAT’S NEW IN THIS CHAPTER
[Information to be added later by author]
The following elements are improvements in this chapter from the previous edition:
[return to top]
CHAPTER OUTLINE
In a simple one-cylinder engine, the reciprocating (up-and-down) motion of the piston is changed
to usable rotary motion by the connecting rod and crankshaft. A flywheel gives momentum to the
crankshaft between power strokes. Valves control the engine’s intake and exhaust. (PPT Slide 4)
During one four-stroke cycle, the intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes are completed.
This action takes 720°, or two crankshaft revolutions. (PPT Slide 5)
, The compression ratio is how the engine makes the most efficient use of the combustion event in
each cylinder. The higher the compression ratio the more potential output a cylinder has. (PPT
Slide 6)
Cylinders are arranged in-line, in a V-type, or opposed to each other. The most popular
automotive engines have four, six, or eight cylinders. (PPT Slide 7)
The camshaft controls the opening and closing of the valves and, thus, the way that the engine
breathes. Different cam grinds provide better low-speed or better high-speed operation. (PPT
Slides 8, 9)
The camshaft is driven by a chain, a belt, or gears. (PPT Slide 8)
Camshafts are driven by a timing chain or a timing belt. (PPT Slides 8, 9)
Cylinder rows, called banks, are determined from the flywheel end of the engine. A complete
engine assembly including the heads is called a long block; without heads it is called a short
block. (PPT Slide 12, 13)
The crankcase houses the crankshaft and bearings. It is enclosed by the oil pan. The crankshaft
has a flywheel on one end and a vibration damper or pulley on the other end. The part that the
bearing rides against is called the main or rod bearing journal. Crankpins on four cylinders are
offset from each other by 180°, in-line six cylinders by 120°, and V8s by 90°. (PPT Slides 14)
Engine sizes are described by their cylinder displacement, usually in liters. Engine breathing
determines the power that the engine develops. (PPT Slide 15)
The location of the camshaft depends on the engine design and the type of vehicle the engine is
being put in. Cam-In Block engines have the camshaft in the cylinder block. Overhead cam
engines have the camshaft in the cylinder head. (PPT Slide 17)
Engine cylinders are fired in one of several firing orders. (PPT Slide 21)
Pairs of pistons that go up and down together but fire 360°from each other are called
companions. (PPT Slide 19)
Most engines have liquid cooling systems that use coolant to prevent rust and corrosion and
provide additional protection against freezing and boiling. (PPT Slides 23–25)
Spark ignition engines utilize a spark plug to start the ignition event. (PPT Slide 26)
Compression engines utilize heat and pressure to start the ignition event in the cylinder (PPT
Slide 27)
Purpose and Perspective of the Chapter.................................................................................................... 2
Chapter Objectives ...................................................................................................................................... 2
Complete List of Chapter Activities and Assessments .............................................................................. 2
Key Terms .................................................................................................................................................... 3
What’s New in This Chapter ...................................................................................................................... 3
Chapter Outline ........................................................................................................................................... 3
Lesson Hints ................................................................................................................................................. 5
Reading Assignment .................................................................................................................................... 5
Written Assignments ................................................................................................................................... 5
Chapter 1 Answers To Study Questions ..................................................................................................... 5
Chapter 1 Answers To ASE-Style Review Questions .................................................................................... 6
,PURPOSE AND PERSPECTIVE OF THE CHAPTER
The purpose of this chapter is to introduce students to the basic construction and operation of an internal
combustion engine. It describes the many engine components and how to identify the various pieces. Also
explained are the different engine classifications along with the different systems and how they work
together to keep the engine operating effectively.
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
Upon completion of this chapter, the student should be able to:
Explain the principles of internal combustion engine operation.
Identify internal combustion engine parts by name.
Explain various engine classifications and systems.
COMPLETE LIST OF CHAPTER ACTIVITIES AND ASSESSMENTS
For additional guidance, refer to the Teaching Online Guide.
Chapter Activity/Assessment Source (i.e., PPT Duration
Objective slide, Workbook)
Explain the Icebreaker PPT slide 2 10–15 mins
principles of
internal
combustion
engine operation.
Identify internal Activity PPT slide 27 10–20 minutes
combustion
engine parts by
name.
Explain various Self-Assessment PPT slide 29 5–10 minutes
engine
classifications
and
systems.
[return to top]
,KEY TERMS
BDC: Bottom Dead Center, referring to the location of the piston at the bottom of the stroke
bimetal engine: Engines composed of cast iron block and aluminum heads
blowby: Gasses that escape past piston rings
companion cylinders: term given to pairs of cylinders found in engines with even number of cylinders
compression ratio: the ratio at which the air fuel gas mixture is compressed
displacement: refers to the volume that the piston displaces in the cylinder
firing order: The sequence in which the spark plugs fire in each cylinder
lower end: Refers to the location at the bottom of the block where the crankshaft and bearings are
located
TDC: Top Dead Center, referring to the location of the piston at the top of the stroke
transverse engine: term given to the engines in front wheel drive vehicles
[return to top]
WHAT’S NEW IN THIS CHAPTER
[Information to be added later by author]
The following elements are improvements in this chapter from the previous edition:
[return to top]
CHAPTER OUTLINE
In a simple one-cylinder engine, the reciprocating (up-and-down) motion of the piston is changed
to usable rotary motion by the connecting rod and crankshaft. A flywheel gives momentum to the
crankshaft between power strokes. Valves control the engine’s intake and exhaust. (PPT Slide 4)
During one four-stroke cycle, the intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes are completed.
This action takes 720°, or two crankshaft revolutions. (PPT Slide 5)
, The compression ratio is how the engine makes the most efficient use of the combustion event in
each cylinder. The higher the compression ratio the more potential output a cylinder has. (PPT
Slide 6)
Cylinders are arranged in-line, in a V-type, or opposed to each other. The most popular
automotive engines have four, six, or eight cylinders. (PPT Slide 7)
The camshaft controls the opening and closing of the valves and, thus, the way that the engine
breathes. Different cam grinds provide better low-speed or better high-speed operation. (PPT
Slides 8, 9)
The camshaft is driven by a chain, a belt, or gears. (PPT Slide 8)
Camshafts are driven by a timing chain or a timing belt. (PPT Slides 8, 9)
Cylinder rows, called banks, are determined from the flywheel end of the engine. A complete
engine assembly including the heads is called a long block; without heads it is called a short
block. (PPT Slide 12, 13)
The crankcase houses the crankshaft and bearings. It is enclosed by the oil pan. The crankshaft
has a flywheel on one end and a vibration damper or pulley on the other end. The part that the
bearing rides against is called the main or rod bearing journal. Crankpins on four cylinders are
offset from each other by 180°, in-line six cylinders by 120°, and V8s by 90°. (PPT Slides 14)
Engine sizes are described by their cylinder displacement, usually in liters. Engine breathing
determines the power that the engine develops. (PPT Slide 15)
The location of the camshaft depends on the engine design and the type of vehicle the engine is
being put in. Cam-In Block engines have the camshaft in the cylinder block. Overhead cam
engines have the camshaft in the cylinder head. (PPT Slide 17)
Engine cylinders are fired in one of several firing orders. (PPT Slide 21)
Pairs of pistons that go up and down together but fire 360°from each other are called
companions. (PPT Slide 19)
Most engines have liquid cooling systems that use coolant to prevent rust and corrosion and
provide additional protection against freezing and boiling. (PPT Slides 23–25)
Spark ignition engines utilize a spark plug to start the ignition event. (PPT Slide 26)
Compression engines utilize heat and pressure to start the ignition event in the cylinder (PPT
Slide 27)
