Zoology Final Exam ATU Questions
with Verified Answers
5) Distinguish between epidermis and dermis in vertebrate integument, and describe
structural derivatives of these two layers. - Answer-Outermost protective layer of
dead keratinized epithelial cells that gives rise to most derivatives of integument
such as hair, feathers, hooves, and claws, cells undergo frequent mitosis to renew
layers that lie above
the thick layer of living tissue below the epidermis that forms the true skin, containing
blood capillaries, nerve endings, and sweat glands provides first line of defense if
outer layer is broken, contains bony structures of dermal skin origin such as scales
of fish, crocodilian armor, and shell of turtle
6) A "9 + 2" arrangement of microtubules is typical for both cilia and flagella. Explain
how this system is thought to function to produce a bending motion. What is the
difference between a cilium and a flagellum? - Answer-both cilia and flagella
attached to basal bodies in which 9 double microtubules are present around the
edge and 2 microtubules are present at the center, associated by proteins and
dynein arms which operate to produce sliding force between microtubules, one side
contracts while the other side relaxes, causing the bend
7) One of the special qualities of vertebrate bone is that it is a living tissue that
permits continuous remodeling. Explain how the structure of bone allows this
remodeling to happen. - Answer-bone remodeling involves destruction by
bone resorbing cells (osteoclasts) and
deposition by bone building cells (osteoblasts) both occur simultaneously so that
new osteons form as old ones are reabsorbed, marrow cavity inside grows larger by
resorption of inner surface surrounding bone while new bone is laid down on outer
surface by bone deposition
8) What is the difference between endochondral and membranous bone? - Answer-
bones that develop from cartilage (ossification) also called "replacement bone",
embryonic cartilage is gradually eroded leaving a honeycomb, bone forming cells
invade and begin deposition of extracellular bone matrix which becomes calcified
develops directly from sheets of embryonic cells, restricted mainly to the bones of
the face, cranium, and clavicle
1) During evolution, skeletal muscle became adapted to functional demands ranging
from sudden, withdrawal movements of a startled worm, to the sustained
contractions required to maintain mammalian posture, to supporting a long, fast
chase across the African savanna. What are some of the fiber types in vertebrate
muscle that evolved to support these kinds of activities? - Answer-What are slow
oxidative fibers
specialized for slow sustained contractions without fatigue, important for maintaining
posture in terrestrial vertebrates, often called red muscles because they contain
,extensive blood supply, high density of mitochondria for ATP metabolism, and
myoglobin which supplies additional oxygen
what are fast glycolytic fibers
lacks efficient blood supply, low density of mitochondria and myoglobin, pale in color
so often called white muscles, function anaerobically and fatigue rapidly, cheetah
uses these in high speed chase then heavily pants for 40 minutes
what are fast oxidative fibers
extensive blood supply and high density of mitochondria and myoglobin, functions
aerobically, animals use these for rapid sustained activities such as migratory birds
2) Name the basic classes of foods that serve mainly as (a) fuels
(b) structural and functional components. - Answer-carbohydrates and fats
proteins (synthesis of proteins and other nitrogen compounds), water (solvent for
body chemistry and main fluid of the body), inorganic salts (anions and cations of the
body) and vitamins (accessory factors from food that are built into structure of
enzymes)
3) Distinguish between the following pairs of terms: autotrophic and heterotrophic,
phototrophic and chemotrophic, microphageous and macrophageous, suspension
feeding and deposit feeding, herbivores and carnivores, omnivores and insectivores.
- Answer-autotrophic
An organism capable of synthesizing its own food from inorganic substances, using
light or chemical energy
heterotrophic
Organisms that obtain their nutrients or food from consuming other organisms
phototrophic
organisms which use CO2 in the presence of light as a source of metabolic energy
chemotrophic
Organisms that get energy from breaking chemical bonds without using chlorophyll
microphagous
feeding on small creatures or plants
macrophagous
feeding on relatively large particulate matter.
suspension feeding
Aquatic organisms that collect suspended food particles from the surrounding water;
particles may be filtered or taken by other methods.
deposit feeding
take in detritus and sediment and extract usable organic matter
herbivores
, Consumers that eat only plants
carnivores
Consumers that eat only animals
omnivores
Consumers that eat both plants and animals.
insectivores
animals that eat insects
4) Explain the characteristics, advantages, and limitations of suspension-feeding,
and name three different groups of animals that are suspension feeders. - Answer-
characteristics, advantages, and limitations of suspension-feeding
use ciliated surfaces to produce currents that draw drifting food particles into their
mouths and entrap food on mucous sheets that convey the food into digestive tract
or use sweeping movements of setae to do same thing, advantage is that the animal
doesn't have to work for their prey since the nutrients surround them, limitation is
they are not able to absorb large masses of food and so must absorb more smaller
amounts
Echinodermata, some cnidarians, and many annelid worms
5) Compare intracellular and extracellular digestion and suggest why there has been
a phylogenetic trend in some animals from intracellular to extracellular digestion. -
Answer-intracellular digestion
food particles are engulfed by phagocytosis and digested within food vacuoles then
simply extruded from cell by exocytosis
extracellular digestion
digestion of large food masses outside of the cell by certain cells lining the lumen of
alimentary canal specialized in forming digestive secretions such as enzymes
greater complexity, appearance of complete mouth to anus alimentary systems and
increasingly specialization of digestive tract
6) Which structural modifications vastly increase the internal surface area of the
intestine (both vertebrate and invertebrate) and why is the large surface area
important? - Answer-coiling of intestines common among all vertebrate groups and
reaches highest development in mammals, in invertebrates the typhlosole of
terrestrial oligochate worms is an inward folding of the intestinal wall that runs the full
length of the intestines, lampreys and sharks have longitudinal or spiral folds in
intestines and elaborate fingerlike projections called villi and microvilli increase
surface area by 1000x as compared to smooth which allows for maximum food
molecule absorption
7) Briefly describe the sequence of events that leads to blood coagulation. - Answer-
first the cell response signals a series of chemical reactions that produce a tangled
network of fibers from one of the plasma proteins fibrinogen, the enzyme thrombin is
normally present in the blood in inactive form called prothrombin that must be
with Verified Answers
5) Distinguish between epidermis and dermis in vertebrate integument, and describe
structural derivatives of these two layers. - Answer-Outermost protective layer of
dead keratinized epithelial cells that gives rise to most derivatives of integument
such as hair, feathers, hooves, and claws, cells undergo frequent mitosis to renew
layers that lie above
the thick layer of living tissue below the epidermis that forms the true skin, containing
blood capillaries, nerve endings, and sweat glands provides first line of defense if
outer layer is broken, contains bony structures of dermal skin origin such as scales
of fish, crocodilian armor, and shell of turtle
6) A "9 + 2" arrangement of microtubules is typical for both cilia and flagella. Explain
how this system is thought to function to produce a bending motion. What is the
difference between a cilium and a flagellum? - Answer-both cilia and flagella
attached to basal bodies in which 9 double microtubules are present around the
edge and 2 microtubules are present at the center, associated by proteins and
dynein arms which operate to produce sliding force between microtubules, one side
contracts while the other side relaxes, causing the bend
7) One of the special qualities of vertebrate bone is that it is a living tissue that
permits continuous remodeling. Explain how the structure of bone allows this
remodeling to happen. - Answer-bone remodeling involves destruction by
bone resorbing cells (osteoclasts) and
deposition by bone building cells (osteoblasts) both occur simultaneously so that
new osteons form as old ones are reabsorbed, marrow cavity inside grows larger by
resorption of inner surface surrounding bone while new bone is laid down on outer
surface by bone deposition
8) What is the difference between endochondral and membranous bone? - Answer-
bones that develop from cartilage (ossification) also called "replacement bone",
embryonic cartilage is gradually eroded leaving a honeycomb, bone forming cells
invade and begin deposition of extracellular bone matrix which becomes calcified
develops directly from sheets of embryonic cells, restricted mainly to the bones of
the face, cranium, and clavicle
1) During evolution, skeletal muscle became adapted to functional demands ranging
from sudden, withdrawal movements of a startled worm, to the sustained
contractions required to maintain mammalian posture, to supporting a long, fast
chase across the African savanna. What are some of the fiber types in vertebrate
muscle that evolved to support these kinds of activities? - Answer-What are slow
oxidative fibers
specialized for slow sustained contractions without fatigue, important for maintaining
posture in terrestrial vertebrates, often called red muscles because they contain
,extensive blood supply, high density of mitochondria for ATP metabolism, and
myoglobin which supplies additional oxygen
what are fast glycolytic fibers
lacks efficient blood supply, low density of mitochondria and myoglobin, pale in color
so often called white muscles, function anaerobically and fatigue rapidly, cheetah
uses these in high speed chase then heavily pants for 40 minutes
what are fast oxidative fibers
extensive blood supply and high density of mitochondria and myoglobin, functions
aerobically, animals use these for rapid sustained activities such as migratory birds
2) Name the basic classes of foods that serve mainly as (a) fuels
(b) structural and functional components. - Answer-carbohydrates and fats
proteins (synthesis of proteins and other nitrogen compounds), water (solvent for
body chemistry and main fluid of the body), inorganic salts (anions and cations of the
body) and vitamins (accessory factors from food that are built into structure of
enzymes)
3) Distinguish between the following pairs of terms: autotrophic and heterotrophic,
phototrophic and chemotrophic, microphageous and macrophageous, suspension
feeding and deposit feeding, herbivores and carnivores, omnivores and insectivores.
- Answer-autotrophic
An organism capable of synthesizing its own food from inorganic substances, using
light or chemical energy
heterotrophic
Organisms that obtain their nutrients or food from consuming other organisms
phototrophic
organisms which use CO2 in the presence of light as a source of metabolic energy
chemotrophic
Organisms that get energy from breaking chemical bonds without using chlorophyll
microphagous
feeding on small creatures or plants
macrophagous
feeding on relatively large particulate matter.
suspension feeding
Aquatic organisms that collect suspended food particles from the surrounding water;
particles may be filtered or taken by other methods.
deposit feeding
take in detritus and sediment and extract usable organic matter
herbivores
, Consumers that eat only plants
carnivores
Consumers that eat only animals
omnivores
Consumers that eat both plants and animals.
insectivores
animals that eat insects
4) Explain the characteristics, advantages, and limitations of suspension-feeding,
and name three different groups of animals that are suspension feeders. - Answer-
characteristics, advantages, and limitations of suspension-feeding
use ciliated surfaces to produce currents that draw drifting food particles into their
mouths and entrap food on mucous sheets that convey the food into digestive tract
or use sweeping movements of setae to do same thing, advantage is that the animal
doesn't have to work for their prey since the nutrients surround them, limitation is
they are not able to absorb large masses of food and so must absorb more smaller
amounts
Echinodermata, some cnidarians, and many annelid worms
5) Compare intracellular and extracellular digestion and suggest why there has been
a phylogenetic trend in some animals from intracellular to extracellular digestion. -
Answer-intracellular digestion
food particles are engulfed by phagocytosis and digested within food vacuoles then
simply extruded from cell by exocytosis
extracellular digestion
digestion of large food masses outside of the cell by certain cells lining the lumen of
alimentary canal specialized in forming digestive secretions such as enzymes
greater complexity, appearance of complete mouth to anus alimentary systems and
increasingly specialization of digestive tract
6) Which structural modifications vastly increase the internal surface area of the
intestine (both vertebrate and invertebrate) and why is the large surface area
important? - Answer-coiling of intestines common among all vertebrate groups and
reaches highest development in mammals, in invertebrates the typhlosole of
terrestrial oligochate worms is an inward folding of the intestinal wall that runs the full
length of the intestines, lampreys and sharks have longitudinal or spiral folds in
intestines and elaborate fingerlike projections called villi and microvilli increase
surface area by 1000x as compared to smooth which allows for maximum food
molecule absorption
7) Briefly describe the sequence of events that leads to blood coagulation. - Answer-
first the cell response signals a series of chemical reactions that produce a tangled
network of fibers from one of the plasma proteins fibrinogen, the enzyme thrombin is
normally present in the blood in inactive form called prothrombin that must be
