Lecture 1: Foundations of
Pathophysiology (Cells & Tissues)
"Clinical manifestations of Disease:" Signs vs. Symptoms - ANS Sign: objective (ex.
blood in stool)
Symptom: subjective (ex. lower stomach pain)
\Acquired - ANS Disease that develops after birth due to environmental factors,
infections, lifestyle choices, or other external influences (Gradually develops through
lifespan)
\Acute - ANS Sudden onset; lasting hours to a few days
\Animals - ANS Large group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms; HUMANS
\Asymptomatic - ANS No symptoms (screenings are imperative)
\Chronic - ANS Persistant or ongoing
\Congenital - ANS Disease present at birth, which may be caused by genetic factors,
environmental factors, or a combination of both
\Cytoskeleton - ANS Network of protein filaments and tubules within the cell that
provides structural support, maintains cell shape, and facilitates movement
\Disease - ANS Functional impairment of cells, tissues, organs, and/or organ systems
\Disease Pathogenesis - ANS The development and progression of the disease within the
body
Non-modifiable: unable to be changed
Modifiable: able to be changed
\Etiology - ANS CAUSE of disease
\Eukaryotic Cells - ANS Organisms whose cells contain a distinct nucleus and other
membrane-bound organelles (ex. plants and fungi)
\Exacerbations - ANS Symptoms worse or flare up
\Example of Etiology and Pathogenesis: Type 2 Diabetes - ANS Etiology: the disease is
commonly CAUSED by insulin resistance and several related factors (START)
Pathogenesis: Insulin resistance LEADS TO high blood sugar because glucose cannot
effectively enter cells (PROGRESSION)
\Fungi - ANS Eukaryotes; Organisms like mushrooms, yeasts, and molds
\Genetic - ANS Disease caused by abnormalities in an individual's DNA, which can be
inherited or result from mutation
\Idiopathic - ANS NO known cause
\Latrogenic - ANS Acquired during medical treatment or procedures
\Local - ANS Specific region or area of the body
\Monogenic - ANS ONE GENE (MOST RARE)
\Multifactorial - ANS Genes + environment
Pathophysiology (Cells & Tissues)
"Clinical manifestations of Disease:" Signs vs. Symptoms - ANS Sign: objective (ex.
blood in stool)
Symptom: subjective (ex. lower stomach pain)
\Acquired - ANS Disease that develops after birth due to environmental factors,
infections, lifestyle choices, or other external influences (Gradually develops through
lifespan)
\Acute - ANS Sudden onset; lasting hours to a few days
\Animals - ANS Large group of multicellular eukaryotic organisms; HUMANS
\Asymptomatic - ANS No symptoms (screenings are imperative)
\Chronic - ANS Persistant or ongoing
\Congenital - ANS Disease present at birth, which may be caused by genetic factors,
environmental factors, or a combination of both
\Cytoskeleton - ANS Network of protein filaments and tubules within the cell that
provides structural support, maintains cell shape, and facilitates movement
\Disease - ANS Functional impairment of cells, tissues, organs, and/or organ systems
\Disease Pathogenesis - ANS The development and progression of the disease within the
body
Non-modifiable: unable to be changed
Modifiable: able to be changed
\Etiology - ANS CAUSE of disease
\Eukaryotic Cells - ANS Organisms whose cells contain a distinct nucleus and other
membrane-bound organelles (ex. plants and fungi)
\Exacerbations - ANS Symptoms worse or flare up
\Example of Etiology and Pathogenesis: Type 2 Diabetes - ANS Etiology: the disease is
commonly CAUSED by insulin resistance and several related factors (START)
Pathogenesis: Insulin resistance LEADS TO high blood sugar because glucose cannot
effectively enter cells (PROGRESSION)
\Fungi - ANS Eukaryotes; Organisms like mushrooms, yeasts, and molds
\Genetic - ANS Disease caused by abnormalities in an individual's DNA, which can be
inherited or result from mutation
\Idiopathic - ANS NO known cause
\Latrogenic - ANS Acquired during medical treatment or procedures
\Local - ANS Specific region or area of the body
\Monogenic - ANS ONE GENE (MOST RARE)
\Multifactorial - ANS Genes + environment
