NURS 617 2025/2026 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS WITH 100%
CORRECT ANSWERS
Homeostasis - -constancy between internal and external environments
-achieved through a system of coordinated physiologic processes that oppose change
-resistance to internal and external disturbances
stress - -state manifested by a specific syndrome of the body
-developed in response to any stimuli that made an intense systematic demand on it
negative feedback system - -oppose change
-composed of: sensor, integrator, effector system to reverse change
-ex: increased insulin release w/ increase in glucose, TSH released in hypothyroidism
positive feedback system - -strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body’s-controlled
conditions
-ex: clotting after injury, childbirth contractions
general adaptation system (GAS) - 1. Alarm - stimulus activates sympathetic nervous system and HPA
axis; increase in cortisol + catecholamines (epinephrine/norepinephrine)
2. Resistance - body chooses effective channel of defence (typically negative feedback system)
3. Exhaustion - wear/tear from stress response
catecholamines - -released by the medulla and LC (brain stem)
-produces decrease in insulin release and increases glucagon release; result=increased HR + cardiac
contractility, vascular smooth muscle contractions, decrease in glucose uptake in peripheral tissues
-ex: dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) - -released from the hypothalamus
-promotes secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - -Stimulates adrenal cortex to synthesize + secrete
glucocorticoids AKA cortisol
,Glucocorticoids (cortisol) - -released from the adrenal cortex; inhibitor of stress response
-potentiates effects of glucagon and epinephrine
-stimulates gluconeogenesis (maintains blood glucose by decreasing insulin release)
-anti-inflammatory
-immunosuppression
Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone) - -hormone produced in adrenal cortex that stimulates the kidneys to
stimulate reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - -Hormone produced by hypothalamus & posterior pituitary gland
-stimulates water reabsorption from kidney tubule cells into the blood and vasoconstriction of
arterioles (vasopression)
results of release of neurohormes - -mobilization of energy
-increase cerebral blood flow, focus & awareness
-inhibit reproductive function
-enhanced cardiovascular and lung function
5 nonpharmacologic methods of treating stress - 1. guided imagery
2. music therapy
3. massage
4. relaxation techniques (breathing, yoga, etc)
5. biofeedback (electronic monitoring of one or more physiologic responses to stress w/ immediate
feedback of the specific response)
lab values that measure stress - -glucose and cortisol levels
-immunological counts
-vitals
-ACTHs
, stress induced health problems: examples - -anxiety, depression, PTSD, mood disorders, eating
disorders, sleep disorders
-pain, infection, obesity, cancer, HTN, migraine
chronic activation of HPA axis = ? - -chronic anxiety
-HPA axis is activated by cytokines (inflammation)
-increased risk of eating disorders, GI issues, immune illness, alcoholism/drug abuse
PTSD diagnosis requirements - all 3 must be present for at least 1mo to meet criteria:
1. intrusion (flashbacks)
2. avoidance (emotional numbing, poor social relationships)
3. hyperarousal (increased irritability, focus, and difficulty concentrating)
*d/t experiencing or witnessing traumatic events
-increased risk of MDD, GAD, substance abuse, and physical s/s (asthma, HTN, chronic pain)
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) - -a coordinated system of hormones that regulate the
body's blood pressure and water balance
-increased vascular tone and renal retention of sodium + H2O
effects of prolonged high cortisol levels - -suppression of growth hormones
-lowered TSH (weight gain)
-decrease immune response
-females: anovulation, amenorrhea, menstrual irregularities
-males: decreased spermatogenesis, infertility, ejaculatory disorders, decreased testosterone levels
adaptation factor - 1. time (when change is gradual, more favorable to adapt; ex: slow blood loss vs
hemmorhage)
2. genetics (adaptations to surroundings via genetics; ex: sickle cell in africa to provide resistance to
malaria)
3. age (as age increases, adaptation decreases)
4. gender (M vs F differences in disease incidence)
-health status, nutrition, emotional hardiness, psychosocial factors
CORRECT ANSWERS
Homeostasis - -constancy between internal and external environments
-achieved through a system of coordinated physiologic processes that oppose change
-resistance to internal and external disturbances
stress - -state manifested by a specific syndrome of the body
-developed in response to any stimuli that made an intense systematic demand on it
negative feedback system - -oppose change
-composed of: sensor, integrator, effector system to reverse change
-ex: increased insulin release w/ increase in glucose, TSH released in hypothyroidism
positive feedback system - -strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body’s-controlled
conditions
-ex: clotting after injury, childbirth contractions
general adaptation system (GAS) - 1. Alarm - stimulus activates sympathetic nervous system and HPA
axis; increase in cortisol + catecholamines (epinephrine/norepinephrine)
2. Resistance - body chooses effective channel of defence (typically negative feedback system)
3. Exhaustion - wear/tear from stress response
catecholamines - -released by the medulla and LC (brain stem)
-produces decrease in insulin release and increases glucagon release; result=increased HR + cardiac
contractility, vascular smooth muscle contractions, decrease in glucose uptake in peripheral tissues
-ex: dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) - -released from the hypothalamus
-promotes secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - -Stimulates adrenal cortex to synthesize + secrete
glucocorticoids AKA cortisol
,Glucocorticoids (cortisol) - -released from the adrenal cortex; inhibitor of stress response
-potentiates effects of glucagon and epinephrine
-stimulates gluconeogenesis (maintains blood glucose by decreasing insulin release)
-anti-inflammatory
-immunosuppression
Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone) - -hormone produced in adrenal cortex that stimulates the kidneys to
stimulate reabsorption of sodium and excretion of potassium
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) - -Hormone produced by hypothalamus & posterior pituitary gland
-stimulates water reabsorption from kidney tubule cells into the blood and vasoconstriction of
arterioles (vasopression)
results of release of neurohormes - -mobilization of energy
-increase cerebral blood flow, focus & awareness
-inhibit reproductive function
-enhanced cardiovascular and lung function
5 nonpharmacologic methods of treating stress - 1. guided imagery
2. music therapy
3. massage
4. relaxation techniques (breathing, yoga, etc)
5. biofeedback (electronic monitoring of one or more physiologic responses to stress w/ immediate
feedback of the specific response)
lab values that measure stress - -glucose and cortisol levels
-immunological counts
-vitals
-ACTHs
, stress induced health problems: examples - -anxiety, depression, PTSD, mood disorders, eating
disorders, sleep disorders
-pain, infection, obesity, cancer, HTN, migraine
chronic activation of HPA axis = ? - -chronic anxiety
-HPA axis is activated by cytokines (inflammation)
-increased risk of eating disorders, GI issues, immune illness, alcoholism/drug abuse
PTSD diagnosis requirements - all 3 must be present for at least 1mo to meet criteria:
1. intrusion (flashbacks)
2. avoidance (emotional numbing, poor social relationships)
3. hyperarousal (increased irritability, focus, and difficulty concentrating)
*d/t experiencing or witnessing traumatic events
-increased risk of MDD, GAD, substance abuse, and physical s/s (asthma, HTN, chronic pain)
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) - -a coordinated system of hormones that regulate the
body's blood pressure and water balance
-increased vascular tone and renal retention of sodium + H2O
effects of prolonged high cortisol levels - -suppression of growth hormones
-lowered TSH (weight gain)
-decrease immune response
-females: anovulation, amenorrhea, menstrual irregularities
-males: decreased spermatogenesis, infertility, ejaculatory disorders, decreased testosterone levels
adaptation factor - 1. time (when change is gradual, more favorable to adapt; ex: slow blood loss vs
hemmorhage)
2. genetics (adaptations to surroundings via genetics; ex: sickle cell in africa to provide resistance to
malaria)
3. age (as age increases, adaptation decreases)
4. gender (M vs F differences in disease incidence)
-health status, nutrition, emotional hardiness, psychosocial factors
