NURS 617 2026 COMPREHENSIVE EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
Once it is released from its site of synthesis in the Beta cells of the pancreas, ___(hormone) is widely
distributed to its target cells located in many tissues in the body. Three of these tissue types (liver,
muscle, and fat) seem to have response elements capable of interacting with ___(hormone) through
receptor actions. ___(hormone) interacts with receptors on the surface of these cells. This
interaction triggers secondary intracellular messengers that produce a variety of cellular reactions
specific to each type of target cell. - Physiologic Actions of Natural Insulin Hormone, part 1
.... secondary intracellular messengers that produce a variety of cellular reactions specific to each
type of target cell.
___(hormone) accomplishes these actions in several ways. It can activate several separate enzymes
that, in turn, activate metabolic processes dealing with carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism.
Concerning glucose metabolism, ___(hormone) promotes the release of glucose transporter
molecules (Gluts), which then migrate to the surface of the cell membranes. These glucose
transporter units provide the means for glucose to enter cells. - Physiologic Actions of Natural Insulin
Hormone, part 2
Effects of insulin on the liver: - Activates the storage of glucose in the form of glycogen (i.e., glycogen
synthesis) * Inhibits glycogenolysis (the release of stored glucose into the bloodstream) * Increases
the synthesis of triglycerides and very low-density lipoproteins * Decreases the catabolism of protein
effects of insulin on fat - *Reduction in circulating free fatty acids
* Increases the synthesis of triglycerides within the fat cell
* Promotes the entry of glucose into fat cells
* Decreases lipolysis (breakdown of fat which releases FFA) and decreases release of fatty acids from
fat cells
* Reduces the amount of triglycerides in the form of lipoprotein
effects of insulin on muscle - * Increases the entry of glucose into muscle cells
* Increases protein synthesis within muscle cells
* Increases amino acid transport into muscle cells for protein synthesis
* Increases the storage of glycogen within muscle
, This disease is characterized by elevated blood glucose because the pancreas cannot produce insulin
(type ___?) or because the target tissues do not react appropriately (type ___?). Patients with
type 1 diabetes require exogenous insulin to survive, and a deficiency of insulin can result in ___, a
potentially fatal condition. - type 1
type 2
ketoacidosis
In both types of diabetes, the management goal is to ___(2 major things) - maintain blood glucose in
a near-normal range (glycemic control) to avoid or delay long-term complications (blindness, renal
failure, neuropathy, cardiovascular disease).
Insulin Preparations Available
RAPID-ACTING INSULINS (5 types total) - * insulin lispro (Humalog) (Admelog)
* Insulin aspart (NovoLog) (Authorized Generic-Insulin Aspart)
* insulin aspart (Fiasp)
* insulin lispro-aabc (Lyumjev)
* Insulin glulisine (Apidra)
SHORT-ACTING INSULINS - * Human r-DNA regular insulin (Humulin R) (Novolin R)
* Regular concentrated (Humulin R U-500) - 5 x time amount of insulin per mL
* Inhaled (Afrezza)
INTERMEDIATE-ACTING INSULINS - * Neutral Protamine Hagedorn [NPH] insulin (Humulin N)
(Novolin N)
LONG-ACTING INSULINS - * Human r-DNA glargine (Lantus) (Basaglar)
* Insulin r-DNA detemir (Levemir)
**insulin degludec (Tresiba) - Contains normal strength (U-100) or 2 x the amount (U-200) of insulin
per mL
**insulin glargine (Toujeo—contains 3 x the amount (U-300) of insulin per ml)
WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
Once it is released from its site of synthesis in the Beta cells of the pancreas, ___(hormone) is widely
distributed to its target cells located in many tissues in the body. Three of these tissue types (liver,
muscle, and fat) seem to have response elements capable of interacting with ___(hormone) through
receptor actions. ___(hormone) interacts with receptors on the surface of these cells. This
interaction triggers secondary intracellular messengers that produce a variety of cellular reactions
specific to each type of target cell. - Physiologic Actions of Natural Insulin Hormone, part 1
.... secondary intracellular messengers that produce a variety of cellular reactions specific to each
type of target cell.
___(hormone) accomplishes these actions in several ways. It can activate several separate enzymes
that, in turn, activate metabolic processes dealing with carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism.
Concerning glucose metabolism, ___(hormone) promotes the release of glucose transporter
molecules (Gluts), which then migrate to the surface of the cell membranes. These glucose
transporter units provide the means for glucose to enter cells. - Physiologic Actions of Natural Insulin
Hormone, part 2
Effects of insulin on the liver: - Activates the storage of glucose in the form of glycogen (i.e., glycogen
synthesis) * Inhibits glycogenolysis (the release of stored glucose into the bloodstream) * Increases
the synthesis of triglycerides and very low-density lipoproteins * Decreases the catabolism of protein
effects of insulin on fat - *Reduction in circulating free fatty acids
* Increases the synthesis of triglycerides within the fat cell
* Promotes the entry of glucose into fat cells
* Decreases lipolysis (breakdown of fat which releases FFA) and decreases release of fatty acids from
fat cells
* Reduces the amount of triglycerides in the form of lipoprotein
effects of insulin on muscle - * Increases the entry of glucose into muscle cells
* Increases protein synthesis within muscle cells
* Increases amino acid transport into muscle cells for protein synthesis
* Increases the storage of glycogen within muscle
, This disease is characterized by elevated blood glucose because the pancreas cannot produce insulin
(type ___?) or because the target tissues do not react appropriately (type ___?). Patients with
type 1 diabetes require exogenous insulin to survive, and a deficiency of insulin can result in ___, a
potentially fatal condition. - type 1
type 2
ketoacidosis
In both types of diabetes, the management goal is to ___(2 major things) - maintain blood glucose in
a near-normal range (glycemic control) to avoid or delay long-term complications (blindness, renal
failure, neuropathy, cardiovascular disease).
Insulin Preparations Available
RAPID-ACTING INSULINS (5 types total) - * insulin lispro (Humalog) (Admelog)
* Insulin aspart (NovoLog) (Authorized Generic-Insulin Aspart)
* insulin aspart (Fiasp)
* insulin lispro-aabc (Lyumjev)
* Insulin glulisine (Apidra)
SHORT-ACTING INSULINS - * Human r-DNA regular insulin (Humulin R) (Novolin R)
* Regular concentrated (Humulin R U-500) - 5 x time amount of insulin per mL
* Inhaled (Afrezza)
INTERMEDIATE-ACTING INSULINS - * Neutral Protamine Hagedorn [NPH] insulin (Humulin N)
(Novolin N)
LONG-ACTING INSULINS - * Human r-DNA glargine (Lantus) (Basaglar)
* Insulin r-DNA detemir (Levemir)
**insulin degludec (Tresiba) - Contains normal strength (U-100) or 2 x the amount (U-200) of insulin
per mL
**insulin glargine (Toujeo—contains 3 x the amount (U-300) of insulin per ml)
