Understanding Patho: Quiz 1 -
Electrolytes & Immunity - Exam 1
Questions and verified answers
Deleterious effects of hypersensitivity to environmental (exogenous) antigens. ✔️✔️Correct Ans-
allergy.
Disturbance in the immunologic tolerance of self-antigens.
Include DM1, RA, Lupus ✔️✔️Correct Ans-autoimmunity
Immune reaction to tissues of another individual.
transplant ✔️✔️Correct Ans-alloimmunity.
What makes up approximately _______ percent of lean body weight in men?
women? ✔️✔️Correct Ans-men = 60%.
women = 50%.
what fraction of water is in the intracellular space?
extracellular space? ✔️✔️Correct Ans-intracellular = two-thirds.
extracellular = one-third.
Is the ICF or ECF subdivided into more categories?
what are these? ✔️✔️Correct Ans-ECF.
,Into intravascular and interstitial.
What percentage of the ECF is intravascular fluid?
interstitial? ✔️✔️Correct Ans-intravascular 25%. (4-5%)
interstitial 75%. (15-16%)
because most of the water is in the cells, volume changes are generally associated with: ✔️✔️Correct
Ans-change in serum osmolality and electrolyte concentrations.
the distribution of body fluids follows this rule: ✔️✔️Correct Ans-60-40-20 rule.
60% of the total body weight is water.
40% of the body weight in cells in intracellular fluid (2/3 of total body weight).
20% of the body weight is water outside of the cells. (1/3 of the total body weight).
Other minute fluids within the ECF: ✔️✔️Correct Ans-Lymph, synovial, intestinal, CSF, sweat, urine,
pleural, peritoneal,
pericardial, and intraocular fluids.
So a 100kg man (220lbs) has about ____ kg/liters of plasma. ✔️✔️Correct Ans-5 kg
A 70 kg man has _____ TBW.
___ kg ICF.
_____kg ECF.
,________kg plasma ✔️✔️Correct Ans-42 kg.
28 kg.
14 kg.
3-3.5 kg.
water is what percentage of pediatrics body weight is water? ✔️✔️Correct Ans-75-80%.
therefore, children are susceptible to: ✔️✔️Correct Ans-significant changes in body fluids.
Why is there a decrease percent of total body water with aging? ✔️✔️Correct Ans-1. decreased free fat
mass and decrease muscle mass.
2. renal decline.
3. diminished thirst perception.
What are the most significant causes of dehydration in children? ✔️✔️Correct Ans-1. urine loss.
2. fever which increases respirations and transpiration = sweating.
Why are overweight individuals at a higher risk for dehydration than those at normal weights?
✔️✔️Correct Ans-overweight individuals have lower amounts of total body weight due to adipose
tissue being unable to contain water.
attractive forces that concerns ions ability to attract water. ✔️✔️Correct Ans-osmotic forces.
concerns how water primarily moves.
Osmotic vs. Hydrostatic forces ✔️✔️Correct Ans-Osmotic forces are attractive forces that pull water
across the membrane.
, Hydrostatic forces are mechanical forces that push water across the membrane. (from capillary to
interstitial or vice versa).
What allows movement of water across the membrane? ✔️✔️Correct Ans-aquaporins.
allows water to move through diffusion.
How must ions travel across the plasma membrane? ✔️✔️Correct Ans-through channels, carriers and
pumps. They move in a more limited manner.
Starling forces describes the forces that are: ✔️✔️Correct Ans-affecting movement of fluid between
cells and spaces.
The starling forces also describes the net filtration as: ✔️✔️Correct Ans-the forces that are favoring
filtration minus forces opposing filtration.
Primary sources of water intake include ✔️✔️Correct Ans-1. drinking water orally.
2. food consumption.
3. oxidative metabolism.
Largest amount of water is lost through ✔️✔️Correct Ans-urination
What ions and substances move freely across the membrane?
which do not? ✔️✔️Correct Ans-water, Na+ and glucose.
protein.
What is the term for the concentration of osmotically active particles in solution? ✔️✔️Correct Ans-
osmolarity.
osmolarity = ✔️✔️Correct Ans-(# of particles in solution) X (concentration of particles)
Electrolytes & Immunity - Exam 1
Questions and verified answers
Deleterious effects of hypersensitivity to environmental (exogenous) antigens. ✔️✔️Correct Ans-
allergy.
Disturbance in the immunologic tolerance of self-antigens.
Include DM1, RA, Lupus ✔️✔️Correct Ans-autoimmunity
Immune reaction to tissues of another individual.
transplant ✔️✔️Correct Ans-alloimmunity.
What makes up approximately _______ percent of lean body weight in men?
women? ✔️✔️Correct Ans-men = 60%.
women = 50%.
what fraction of water is in the intracellular space?
extracellular space? ✔️✔️Correct Ans-intracellular = two-thirds.
extracellular = one-third.
Is the ICF or ECF subdivided into more categories?
what are these? ✔️✔️Correct Ans-ECF.
,Into intravascular and interstitial.
What percentage of the ECF is intravascular fluid?
interstitial? ✔️✔️Correct Ans-intravascular 25%. (4-5%)
interstitial 75%. (15-16%)
because most of the water is in the cells, volume changes are generally associated with: ✔️✔️Correct
Ans-change in serum osmolality and electrolyte concentrations.
the distribution of body fluids follows this rule: ✔️✔️Correct Ans-60-40-20 rule.
60% of the total body weight is water.
40% of the body weight in cells in intracellular fluid (2/3 of total body weight).
20% of the body weight is water outside of the cells. (1/3 of the total body weight).
Other minute fluids within the ECF: ✔️✔️Correct Ans-Lymph, synovial, intestinal, CSF, sweat, urine,
pleural, peritoneal,
pericardial, and intraocular fluids.
So a 100kg man (220lbs) has about ____ kg/liters of plasma. ✔️✔️Correct Ans-5 kg
A 70 kg man has _____ TBW.
___ kg ICF.
_____kg ECF.
,________kg plasma ✔️✔️Correct Ans-42 kg.
28 kg.
14 kg.
3-3.5 kg.
water is what percentage of pediatrics body weight is water? ✔️✔️Correct Ans-75-80%.
therefore, children are susceptible to: ✔️✔️Correct Ans-significant changes in body fluids.
Why is there a decrease percent of total body water with aging? ✔️✔️Correct Ans-1. decreased free fat
mass and decrease muscle mass.
2. renal decline.
3. diminished thirst perception.
What are the most significant causes of dehydration in children? ✔️✔️Correct Ans-1. urine loss.
2. fever which increases respirations and transpiration = sweating.
Why are overweight individuals at a higher risk for dehydration than those at normal weights?
✔️✔️Correct Ans-overweight individuals have lower amounts of total body weight due to adipose
tissue being unable to contain water.
attractive forces that concerns ions ability to attract water. ✔️✔️Correct Ans-osmotic forces.
concerns how water primarily moves.
Osmotic vs. Hydrostatic forces ✔️✔️Correct Ans-Osmotic forces are attractive forces that pull water
across the membrane.
, Hydrostatic forces are mechanical forces that push water across the membrane. (from capillary to
interstitial or vice versa).
What allows movement of water across the membrane? ✔️✔️Correct Ans-aquaporins.
allows water to move through diffusion.
How must ions travel across the plasma membrane? ✔️✔️Correct Ans-through channels, carriers and
pumps. They move in a more limited manner.
Starling forces describes the forces that are: ✔️✔️Correct Ans-affecting movement of fluid between
cells and spaces.
The starling forces also describes the net filtration as: ✔️✔️Correct Ans-the forces that are favoring
filtration minus forces opposing filtration.
Primary sources of water intake include ✔️✔️Correct Ans-1. drinking water orally.
2. food consumption.
3. oxidative metabolism.
Largest amount of water is lost through ✔️✔️Correct Ans-urination
What ions and substances move freely across the membrane?
which do not? ✔️✔️Correct Ans-water, Na+ and glucose.
protein.
What is the term for the concentration of osmotically active particles in solution? ✔️✔️Correct Ans-
osmolarity.
osmolarity = ✔️✔️Correct Ans-(# of particles in solution) X (concentration of particles)
