NUR 631 2025 EXAM 1 MUST PASS!! GRADED A+
QUESTIONS WITH 100% ACCURATE ANSWERS
Some older adults have impaired inflammation and wound healing because of which problem?
Circulatory system cannot adequately perfuse tissues.
Complement and chemotaxis are deficient.
Underlying chronic illness(es) exists.
Number of mast cells is insufficient. - ANS: C
In some cases, impaired healing is not directly associated with aging, in general, but can instead be
linked to a chronic illness such as cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus. Older adults may have
circulatory problems, but that would not lead directly to impaired inflammation and wound healing.
Older people do not have deficient complement and chemotaxis, nor do they have insufficient mast
cell numbers.
In which structure does B lymphocytes mature and undergo changes that commit them to becoming
B cells?
Thymus gland
Regional lymph nodes
Bone marrow
Spleen - ANS: C
B lymphocytes mature and become B cells in specialized (primary) lymphoid organs—the thymus
gland for T cells and the bone marrow for B cells. Neither regional lymph nodes nor the spleen are
involved in changing B lymphocytes into B cells.
An individual's acquired immunity is dependent on the function of which cells? (Select all that apply.)
T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
Macrophages
Opsonins
Neutrophils - ANS: A, B, C
T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells are involved in acquired immunity.
Opsonins are molecules that tag microorganisms for destruction by cells of the inflammatory system;
these cells are primarily neutrophils. Neutrophils are white blood cells.
,The common hay fever allergy is expressed through a reaction that is mediated by which class of
immunoglobulins?
IgE
IgG
IgM
T cells - ANS: A
Type I reactions are mediated by antigen-specific IgE and the products of tissue mast cells. The most
common allergies (e.g., pollen allergies) are type I reactions. In addition, most type I reactions occur
against environmental antigens and are therefore allergic. Hay fever allergy is not mediated by IgG,
IgM, or T cells.
During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, which leukocyte is activated?
a. Neutrophils
b. Monocytes
c. Eosinophils
d. T lymphocytes - ANS: C
Of the options provided, only eosinophils are activated during IgE-mediated hypersensitivity
reactions.
During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, what causes bronchospasm?
a. Bronchial edema caused by the chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis
b. Bronchial edema caused by binding of the cytotropic antibody
c. Smooth muscle contraction caused by histamine bound to H1 receptors
d. Smooth muscle contraction caused by histamine bound to H2 receptors - ANS: C
During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, smooth muscle contraction caused by histamine
bound to H1 receptors results in bronchospasms. The bronchospasm is not caused by edema or by
histamine binding to H2 receptors.
A patient is having an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction. What action by the healthcare
professional is best?
a. Give the patient an antihistamine.
b. Prepare to give the patient a blood transfusion.
c. Ask the patient is he/she is having pain at the site.
d. Apply warm, moist heat to the affected area. - ANS: A
,Histamine is the most potent mediator in an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction (Type 1).
Histamine bound to H2 results in the degranulation of mast cells with the release of histamine.
Blocking histamine receptors with antihistamines can control some type I responses. The healthcare
professional would not need to give the patient blood; warm; moist heat; or ask about pain.
A student asks about the mechanism that results in type II hypersensitivity reactions. What
description by the professor is best?
a. Antibodies coat mast cells by binding to receptors that signal its degranulation,
followed by a discharge of preformed mediators.
b. Antibodies bind to soluble antigens that were released into body fluids, and the
immune complexes are then deposited in the tissues.
c. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes or lymphokine-producing helper T 1 cells directly attack
and destroy cellular targets.
d. Antibodies bind to the antigens on the cell surface. - ANS: D
The mechanism that results in a type II hypersensitivity reaction begins with antibody binding to
tissue-specific antigens or antigens that have attached to particular tissues. The cell can be destroyed
by antibody IgG or IgM and activation of the complement cascade through the classical pathway.
How are target cells destroyed in a type II hypersensitivity reaction?
a. Tissue damage from mast cell degranulation
b. Antigen-antibody complexes deposited in vessel walls
c. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes attack the cell directly.
d. Natural killer cells - ANS: D
The mechanism that results in a type II hypersensitivity reaction involves a subpopulation of
cytotoxic cells that are not antigen specific (natural killer [NK] cells). Antibody on the target cell is
recognized by Fc receptors on the NK cells, which releases toxic substances that destroy the target
cell. Tissue damage from mast cell degranulation occurs in type I hypersensitivity reactions. Antigen-
antibody complexes are active in type III hypersensitivity responses. Cytotoxic lymphocytes are
involved in type IV hypersensitivity responses.
Graves disease (hyperthyroidism) is an example of which type II hypersensitivity reaction?
a. Modulation
b. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
c. Neutrophil-mediated damage
d. Complement-mediated lysis - ANS: A
, The antibody reacts with the receptors on the target cell surface and modulates the function of the
receptor by preventing interactions with their normal ligands, replacing the ligand and
inappropriately stimulating the receptor or destroying the receptor. For example, in the
hyperthyroidism (excessive thyroid activity) of Graves disease, autoantibody binds to and activates
receptors for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (a pituitary hormone that controls the production of
the hormone thyroxine by the thyroid). Graves disease is not a result of cell- mediated cytotoxicity,
neutrophil-mediated damage, or complement-mediated lysis.
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is associated with which type of hypersensitivity reaction? a. I
b. II c. III d. IV - ANS: A
Hypersensitivity reactions have been divided into four distinct types: type I (IgE-mediated)
hypersensitivity reactions, type II (tissue-specific) hypersensitivity reactions, type III (immune
complex-mediated) hypersensitivity reactions, and type IV (cell-mediated) hypersensitivity reactions.
A Rh-negative woman gave birth to a Rh-positive baby. When discussing Rho[D] immunoglobulin
with her, what information should the healthcare professional provide?
It provides protection against infection from poor immunity in the baby.
It prevents alloimmunity and hemolytic anemia of the newborn.
It provides necessary antibodies in case the mother doesn't breastfeed.
It causes the intestinal tract of the newborn to produce antibodies. - ANS: B
Alloimmunity occurs when an individual's immune system reacts against antigens on the tissues of
other members of the same species. This can occur when a woman is Rh-negative and gives birth to
an Rh-positive baby, leading to hemolytic anemia of the newborn. Rho[D] immunoglobulin does not
provide protection against infection, provide antibodies to a bottle-fed baby, or cause the intestine to
produce antibodies.
Which mother does the healthcare professional prepare to administer Rh immune globulin (Rho-
GAM) to?
a. Is Rh-positive and the fetus is Rh-negative
b. Is Rh-negative and the fetus is Rh-positive
c. Has type A blood and the fetus has type O
d. Has type AB blood and the fetus has type B - ANS: B
Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN) can occur only if antigens on fetal erythrocytes
differ from antigens on maternal erythrocytes. Maternal-fetal incompatibility exists only if the
mother and fetus differ in ABO blood type or if the fetus is Rh-positive and the mother is Rh-
QUESTIONS WITH 100% ACCURATE ANSWERS
Some older adults have impaired inflammation and wound healing because of which problem?
Circulatory system cannot adequately perfuse tissues.
Complement and chemotaxis are deficient.
Underlying chronic illness(es) exists.
Number of mast cells is insufficient. - ANS: C
In some cases, impaired healing is not directly associated with aging, in general, but can instead be
linked to a chronic illness such as cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus. Older adults may have
circulatory problems, but that would not lead directly to impaired inflammation and wound healing.
Older people do not have deficient complement and chemotaxis, nor do they have insufficient mast
cell numbers.
In which structure does B lymphocytes mature and undergo changes that commit them to becoming
B cells?
Thymus gland
Regional lymph nodes
Bone marrow
Spleen - ANS: C
B lymphocytes mature and become B cells in specialized (primary) lymphoid organs—the thymus
gland for T cells and the bone marrow for B cells. Neither regional lymph nodes nor the spleen are
involved in changing B lymphocytes into B cells.
An individual's acquired immunity is dependent on the function of which cells? (Select all that apply.)
T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
Macrophages
Opsonins
Neutrophils - ANS: A, B, C
T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells are involved in acquired immunity.
Opsonins are molecules that tag microorganisms for destruction by cells of the inflammatory system;
these cells are primarily neutrophils. Neutrophils are white blood cells.
,The common hay fever allergy is expressed through a reaction that is mediated by which class of
immunoglobulins?
IgE
IgG
IgM
T cells - ANS: A
Type I reactions are mediated by antigen-specific IgE and the products of tissue mast cells. The most
common allergies (e.g., pollen allergies) are type I reactions. In addition, most type I reactions occur
against environmental antigens and are therefore allergic. Hay fever allergy is not mediated by IgG,
IgM, or T cells.
During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, which leukocyte is activated?
a. Neutrophils
b. Monocytes
c. Eosinophils
d. T lymphocytes - ANS: C
Of the options provided, only eosinophils are activated during IgE-mediated hypersensitivity
reactions.
During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, what causes bronchospasm?
a. Bronchial edema caused by the chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis
b. Bronchial edema caused by binding of the cytotropic antibody
c. Smooth muscle contraction caused by histamine bound to H1 receptors
d. Smooth muscle contraction caused by histamine bound to H2 receptors - ANS: C
During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, smooth muscle contraction caused by histamine
bound to H1 receptors results in bronchospasms. The bronchospasm is not caused by edema or by
histamine binding to H2 receptors.
A patient is having an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction. What action by the healthcare
professional is best?
a. Give the patient an antihistamine.
b. Prepare to give the patient a blood transfusion.
c. Ask the patient is he/she is having pain at the site.
d. Apply warm, moist heat to the affected area. - ANS: A
,Histamine is the most potent mediator in an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction (Type 1).
Histamine bound to H2 results in the degranulation of mast cells with the release of histamine.
Blocking histamine receptors with antihistamines can control some type I responses. The healthcare
professional would not need to give the patient blood; warm; moist heat; or ask about pain.
A student asks about the mechanism that results in type II hypersensitivity reactions. What
description by the professor is best?
a. Antibodies coat mast cells by binding to receptors that signal its degranulation,
followed by a discharge of preformed mediators.
b. Antibodies bind to soluble antigens that were released into body fluids, and the
immune complexes are then deposited in the tissues.
c. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes or lymphokine-producing helper T 1 cells directly attack
and destroy cellular targets.
d. Antibodies bind to the antigens on the cell surface. - ANS: D
The mechanism that results in a type II hypersensitivity reaction begins with antibody binding to
tissue-specific antigens or antigens that have attached to particular tissues. The cell can be destroyed
by antibody IgG or IgM and activation of the complement cascade through the classical pathway.
How are target cells destroyed in a type II hypersensitivity reaction?
a. Tissue damage from mast cell degranulation
b. Antigen-antibody complexes deposited in vessel walls
c. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes attack the cell directly.
d. Natural killer cells - ANS: D
The mechanism that results in a type II hypersensitivity reaction involves a subpopulation of
cytotoxic cells that are not antigen specific (natural killer [NK] cells). Antibody on the target cell is
recognized by Fc receptors on the NK cells, which releases toxic substances that destroy the target
cell. Tissue damage from mast cell degranulation occurs in type I hypersensitivity reactions. Antigen-
antibody complexes are active in type III hypersensitivity responses. Cytotoxic lymphocytes are
involved in type IV hypersensitivity responses.
Graves disease (hyperthyroidism) is an example of which type II hypersensitivity reaction?
a. Modulation
b. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
c. Neutrophil-mediated damage
d. Complement-mediated lysis - ANS: A
, The antibody reacts with the receptors on the target cell surface and modulates the function of the
receptor by preventing interactions with their normal ligands, replacing the ligand and
inappropriately stimulating the receptor or destroying the receptor. For example, in the
hyperthyroidism (excessive thyroid activity) of Graves disease, autoantibody binds to and activates
receptors for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (a pituitary hormone that controls the production of
the hormone thyroxine by the thyroid). Graves disease is not a result of cell- mediated cytotoxicity,
neutrophil-mediated damage, or complement-mediated lysis.
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) is associated with which type of hypersensitivity reaction? a. I
b. II c. III d. IV - ANS: A
Hypersensitivity reactions have been divided into four distinct types: type I (IgE-mediated)
hypersensitivity reactions, type II (tissue-specific) hypersensitivity reactions, type III (immune
complex-mediated) hypersensitivity reactions, and type IV (cell-mediated) hypersensitivity reactions.
A Rh-negative woman gave birth to a Rh-positive baby. When discussing Rho[D] immunoglobulin
with her, what information should the healthcare professional provide?
It provides protection against infection from poor immunity in the baby.
It prevents alloimmunity and hemolytic anemia of the newborn.
It provides necessary antibodies in case the mother doesn't breastfeed.
It causes the intestinal tract of the newborn to produce antibodies. - ANS: B
Alloimmunity occurs when an individual's immune system reacts against antigens on the tissues of
other members of the same species. This can occur when a woman is Rh-negative and gives birth to
an Rh-positive baby, leading to hemolytic anemia of the newborn. Rho[D] immunoglobulin does not
provide protection against infection, provide antibodies to a bottle-fed baby, or cause the intestine to
produce antibodies.
Which mother does the healthcare professional prepare to administer Rh immune globulin (Rho-
GAM) to?
a. Is Rh-positive and the fetus is Rh-negative
b. Is Rh-negative and the fetus is Rh-positive
c. Has type A blood and the fetus has type O
d. Has type AB blood and the fetus has type B - ANS: B
Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN) can occur only if antigens on fetal erythrocytes
differ from antigens on maternal erythrocytes. Maternal-fetal incompatibility exists only if the
mother and fetus differ in ABO blood type or if the fetus is Rh-positive and the mother is Rh-
