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This indicates that the individuals taking vitamin C were
Sullivanch01-Essentials of Biostatistics in Public Health, 3e 53% less likely to catch a cold and that taking vitamin C has
a protective effect, making them less likely to catch a cold.
Only relative risk ratios above one are statistically
1 A subset of the population of interest is often referred to by
significant, a relative risk ratio below one indicates there is no
what statistical term?
difference between the individuals who take vitamin C and
A sample of individuals those individuals who do not.
A subculture of individuals
A class of individuals 5 Which is the most important factor in determining which
A minority group populations a well-designed study's results can be applied to?
The inclusion and exclusion criteria for the study
2 The measure of uncertainty in a biostatistician's calculation of
The randomization of participants for a study
a particular outcome that may result from using a subset of
The type of study being conducted
the population to estimate the actual likelihood of the event
The presence of blinding throughout the study
occurring in the population as a whole is referred to by what
statistical term?
6 True or False? Biostatistics is defined as the application of
A chance error statistical principles in medicine, public health, or biology.
A systematic error
A standard error True
A margin of error False
3 Which of the following most appropriately describes how the
data from a cross-sectional study can be applied to a
population? 7 True or False? The data collected in a biostatistics study can
The data generated from a cross-sectional study can be be applied to any population regardless of race, class, and
applied to new or changing populations regardless of the socioeconomic status.
amount of time that has passed since the study was True
conducted. False
The data generated from a cross-sectional study is only
applicable to the original population of interest during the
time that the study was conducted. 8 True or False? A relative risk of 5.67 indicates that the group
The data generated from a cross-sectional study is of individuals in a study exposed to the particular variable of
applicable to any group of individuals with similar interest are 5.67 times more likely to experience the observed
characteristics to the original population of interest. outcome being studied.
The data generated from a cross-sectional study is True
applicable to all individuals regardless of how much those False
individuals differ from the original population of interest.
9 True or False? Oftentimes it is more difficult to establish a
4 Researchers have conducted a study and determined that the
relationship between a particular disease outcome and a risk
relative risk for developing a cold for individuals taking
factor among older adults because they also have other risk
vitamin C is 0.47 when compared to the number of
factors for disease.
participants in the study who developed a cold while not
taking vitamin C. This is an indication of which of the True
following? False
This indicates that people who took vitamin C were 47%
more likely to catch a cold and that taking vitamin C makes 10 True or False? Randomization of clinical trial participants is
people more susceptible to catching a cold. important to ensure that clinical trial participants in the
This indicates that the individuals taking vitamin C were treatment group and comparator group allow the study's
47% less likely to catch a cold and that taking vitamin C has results to be generalized to the population as a whole, and
a protective effect, making them less likely to catch a cold. not just the subgroup of individuals that participated in the
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study because of the balance promoted through the
randomization process. Sullivanch02-Essentials of Biostatistics in Public Health, 3e
True
False 1 The minimization of bias and confounding in clinical trials is
obtained through the use of which of the following?
Screening of study participants during recruitment to
eliminate variation among participants
The establishment of stringent inclusion criteria ensuring
participants that are all similar
The elimination of variation through the establishment of
detailed exclusion criteria
Randomization of study participants to make groups
comparable in all respects
2 A researcher is interested in determining the current
prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis in the United States. Which
type of study would be most useful in estimating the
prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis in the United States?
A nested cohort study
A cross-sectional survey
A randomized clinical trial
A case-crossover study
3 A number of patients have been admitted to a particular
hospital with similar symptoms and the cause of the illness is
unknown. Which type of study design would be most helpful
in determining the cause of the illness?
A randomized trial
A case series
A retrospective cohort
A case-control study
4 Misclassification bias is most likely to be observed in which
study type?
A randomized control trial
A cross-sectional survey
A prospective cohort
A case-control study
5 A novice researcher noted that during summertime there is a
positive association between the increase in ice cream sales
and the increase in the number of drownings; however, there
is no logical explanation for why ice cream sales would be
responsible for the increased incidence of drowning. What
phenomenon likely explains this type of observation?
Placebo effect
Concurrency
Confounding
Misclassification Bias
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6 True or False? An active-control trial is the best option for Sullivanch03-Essentials of Biostatistics in Public Health, 3e
researchers hoping to test a newly devised therapy for a life-
threatening illness among individuals with the illness, when a
previously devised treatment is available for the illness. 1 Assuming 320,000 individuals develop Lyme disease each
year, what is the attributable risk for the cumulative incidence
True
of Lyme disease that comes from tick bites, if 300,000 of the
False
new cases reported each year come from tick bites?
6.25%
7 True or False? The application of treatment among 6.67%
participants in an experimental study is a key difference 16.00%
between an experimental study and an observational study. 93.75%
True
False 2 Which statistical property make odds ratios the ideal
measurement for case-control studies?
Its insensitivity to confounding factors
8 True or False? Intention-to-treat analysis for a study is only
Its insensitivity to variance
conducted among individuals who fully complied with a
Its insensitivity to sampling error
study's protocols.
Its insensitivity to bias
True
False
3 Longitudinal cohort studies that produce data measured in
person-time are particularly subject to which of the following
forms of statistical anomaly?
9 True or False? Extremely rare side effects of medications Type one censoring
studied in clinical trials are more likely to be observed in Type two censoring
cohort studies conducted during post marketing-surveillance Sampling bias
because of the limited number of participants in clinical trials. Recall bias
True
False 4 A disease that has a low prevalence but high incidence rate is
best described as which of the following types of diseases?
10 True or False? The wash-out period is included in a crossover
A noncontagious acute illness
trial so that any therapeutic effects of the first treatment are
A contagious acute illness
removed, prior to the administration of the second treatment.
A noncontagious chronic illness
True A contagious chronic illness
False
5 A simple random sample of 25,000 individuals are surveyed in
order to determine the prevalence of individuals that
contracted the flu in the past year. Assuming 4,250
individuals indicated they had been diagnosed with the flu at
some point in the past year, what is the prevalence of flu for
the past year, as indicated from the survey participants?
1.70%
8.30%
17.0%
83.0%
6 True or False? Loss of study participants in longitudinal
studies can make estimating the cumulative incidence of a
disease more difficult.
True
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False
Sullivanch04-Essentials of Biostatistics in Public Health, 3e
7 True or False? Relative risk is an ideal form of measurement
for a retrospective study design because it allows researchers
1 Marital status is best defined as which of the following types
to recruit both individuals with the outcome of interest and
of variables?
individuals without the outcome of interest, then match
individuals from each of the respective groups to individuals Dichotomous variable
of the other group in order to determine if a specific exposure Ordinal variable
caused the outcome of interest. Categorical variable
True Continuous variable
False
2 A study is being conducted to determine the prevalence of
8 True or False? An absolute difference calculation is ideal when lung cancer in a population and the researchers want to note
calculating the risk difference between two categorical the frequency of each particular stage of cancer among the
variables. members of the population who have lung cancer; in this case
True the stage of cancer is best defined as which of the following
False types of variables?
Dichotomous variable
Ordinal variable
Categorical variable
9 True or False? A group of 250 women over the age of 40 are
Continuous variable
recruited for a study to determine the effects that calcium has
on bone health. Half of the participants are given a calcium
supplement and the other half are given a placebo. If 13 3 A researcher decides to take a random sample of individuals
women on calcium develop osteomalacia and 27 women not from the population and then track their sugar intake.
on the placebo develop osteomalacia, the relative risk for Assuming the data collected on each individual will be
developing osteomalacia for women over 40 on a calcium classified into different levels of intake including little to no
supplement is 0.48 when compared to those women not sugar intake, moderate sugar intake, and high sugar intake,
taking a calcium supplement. This indicates that taking which type of graph would allow the researcher to best
calcium has no effect on the population of interest's health represent the data they have collected?
because the relative risk is less than 1.0. Box plot
True Bar chart
False Histogram
Pie chart
10 True or False? The public health department in a particular
county with 157,237 residents has documented 629 cases of 4 Calculate the mean and standard deviation and interpret your
HIV; 157 individuals were diagnosed in the past year. Thus, findings for the following set of data showing the diastolic
the cumulative incidence for HIV in this particular county is blood pressure measurements for a sample of 9 individuals:
approximately 0.1. 61, 63, 64, 69, 71, 77, 80, 81, and 95.
True On average, the average distance of an individual data
False point is approximately 10.93 diastolic pressure points from
the mean diastolic pressure of 73.44.
On average, the average distance of an individual data
point is approximately 119.53 diastolic pressure points from
the mean diastolic pressure of 73.44.
On average, the average distance of an individual data
point is approximately 10.93 diastolic pressure points from
the mean diastolic pressure of 71.
On average, the average distance of an individual data
point is approximately 119.53 diastolic pressure points from
the mean diastolic pressure of 71.
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This indicates that the individuals taking vitamin C were
Sullivanch01-Essentials of Biostatistics in Public Health, 3e 53% less likely to catch a cold and that taking vitamin C has
a protective effect, making them less likely to catch a cold.
Only relative risk ratios above one are statistically
1 A subset of the population of interest is often referred to by
significant, a relative risk ratio below one indicates there is no
what statistical term?
difference between the individuals who take vitamin C and
A sample of individuals those individuals who do not.
A subculture of individuals
A class of individuals 5 Which is the most important factor in determining which
A minority group populations a well-designed study's results can be applied to?
The inclusion and exclusion criteria for the study
2 The measure of uncertainty in a biostatistician's calculation of
The randomization of participants for a study
a particular outcome that may result from using a subset of
The type of study being conducted
the population to estimate the actual likelihood of the event
The presence of blinding throughout the study
occurring in the population as a whole is referred to by what
statistical term?
6 True or False? Biostatistics is defined as the application of
A chance error statistical principles in medicine, public health, or biology.
A systematic error
A standard error True
A margin of error False
3 Which of the following most appropriately describes how the
data from a cross-sectional study can be applied to a
population? 7 True or False? The data collected in a biostatistics study can
The data generated from a cross-sectional study can be be applied to any population regardless of race, class, and
applied to new or changing populations regardless of the socioeconomic status.
amount of time that has passed since the study was True
conducted. False
The data generated from a cross-sectional study is only
applicable to the original population of interest during the
time that the study was conducted. 8 True or False? A relative risk of 5.67 indicates that the group
The data generated from a cross-sectional study is of individuals in a study exposed to the particular variable of
applicable to any group of individuals with similar interest are 5.67 times more likely to experience the observed
characteristics to the original population of interest. outcome being studied.
The data generated from a cross-sectional study is True
applicable to all individuals regardless of how much those False
individuals differ from the original population of interest.
9 True or False? Oftentimes it is more difficult to establish a
4 Researchers have conducted a study and determined that the
relationship between a particular disease outcome and a risk
relative risk for developing a cold for individuals taking
factor among older adults because they also have other risk
vitamin C is 0.47 when compared to the number of
factors for disease.
participants in the study who developed a cold while not
taking vitamin C. This is an indication of which of the True
following? False
This indicates that people who took vitamin C were 47%
more likely to catch a cold and that taking vitamin C makes 10 True or False? Randomization of clinical trial participants is
people more susceptible to catching a cold. important to ensure that clinical trial participants in the
This indicates that the individuals taking vitamin C were treatment group and comparator group allow the study's
47% less likely to catch a cold and that taking vitamin C has results to be generalized to the population as a whole, and
a protective effect, making them less likely to catch a cold. not just the subgroup of individuals that participated in the
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study because of the balance promoted through the
randomization process. Sullivanch02-Essentials of Biostatistics in Public Health, 3e
True
False 1 The minimization of bias and confounding in clinical trials is
obtained through the use of which of the following?
Screening of study participants during recruitment to
eliminate variation among participants
The establishment of stringent inclusion criteria ensuring
participants that are all similar
The elimination of variation through the establishment of
detailed exclusion criteria
Randomization of study participants to make groups
comparable in all respects
2 A researcher is interested in determining the current
prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis in the United States. Which
type of study would be most useful in estimating the
prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis in the United States?
A nested cohort study
A cross-sectional survey
A randomized clinical trial
A case-crossover study
3 A number of patients have been admitted to a particular
hospital with similar symptoms and the cause of the illness is
unknown. Which type of study design would be most helpful
in determining the cause of the illness?
A randomized trial
A case series
A retrospective cohort
A case-control study
4 Misclassification bias is most likely to be observed in which
study type?
A randomized control trial
A cross-sectional survey
A prospective cohort
A case-control study
5 A novice researcher noted that during summertime there is a
positive association between the increase in ice cream sales
and the increase in the number of drownings; however, there
is no logical explanation for why ice cream sales would be
responsible for the increased incidence of drowning. What
phenomenon likely explains this type of observation?
Placebo effect
Concurrency
Confounding
Misclassification Bias
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6 True or False? An active-control trial is the best option for Sullivanch03-Essentials of Biostatistics in Public Health, 3e
researchers hoping to test a newly devised therapy for a life-
threatening illness among individuals with the illness, when a
previously devised treatment is available for the illness. 1 Assuming 320,000 individuals develop Lyme disease each
year, what is the attributable risk for the cumulative incidence
True
of Lyme disease that comes from tick bites, if 300,000 of the
False
new cases reported each year come from tick bites?
6.25%
7 True or False? The application of treatment among 6.67%
participants in an experimental study is a key difference 16.00%
between an experimental study and an observational study. 93.75%
True
False 2 Which statistical property make odds ratios the ideal
measurement for case-control studies?
Its insensitivity to confounding factors
8 True or False? Intention-to-treat analysis for a study is only
Its insensitivity to variance
conducted among individuals who fully complied with a
Its insensitivity to sampling error
study's protocols.
Its insensitivity to bias
True
False
3 Longitudinal cohort studies that produce data measured in
person-time are particularly subject to which of the following
forms of statistical anomaly?
9 True or False? Extremely rare side effects of medications Type one censoring
studied in clinical trials are more likely to be observed in Type two censoring
cohort studies conducted during post marketing-surveillance Sampling bias
because of the limited number of participants in clinical trials. Recall bias
True
False 4 A disease that has a low prevalence but high incidence rate is
best described as which of the following types of diseases?
10 True or False? The wash-out period is included in a crossover
A noncontagious acute illness
trial so that any therapeutic effects of the first treatment are
A contagious acute illness
removed, prior to the administration of the second treatment.
A noncontagious chronic illness
True A contagious chronic illness
False
5 A simple random sample of 25,000 individuals are surveyed in
order to determine the prevalence of individuals that
contracted the flu in the past year. Assuming 4,250
individuals indicated they had been diagnosed with the flu at
some point in the past year, what is the prevalence of flu for
the past year, as indicated from the survey participants?
1.70%
8.30%
17.0%
83.0%
6 True or False? Loss of study participants in longitudinal
studies can make estimating the cumulative incidence of a
disease more difficult.
True
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False
Sullivanch04-Essentials of Biostatistics in Public Health, 3e
7 True or False? Relative risk is an ideal form of measurement
for a retrospective study design because it allows researchers
1 Marital status is best defined as which of the following types
to recruit both individuals with the outcome of interest and
of variables?
individuals without the outcome of interest, then match
individuals from each of the respective groups to individuals Dichotomous variable
of the other group in order to determine if a specific exposure Ordinal variable
caused the outcome of interest. Categorical variable
True Continuous variable
False
2 A study is being conducted to determine the prevalence of
8 True or False? An absolute difference calculation is ideal when lung cancer in a population and the researchers want to note
calculating the risk difference between two categorical the frequency of each particular stage of cancer among the
variables. members of the population who have lung cancer; in this case
True the stage of cancer is best defined as which of the following
False types of variables?
Dichotomous variable
Ordinal variable
Categorical variable
9 True or False? A group of 250 women over the age of 40 are
Continuous variable
recruited for a study to determine the effects that calcium has
on bone health. Half of the participants are given a calcium
supplement and the other half are given a placebo. If 13 3 A researcher decides to take a random sample of individuals
women on calcium develop osteomalacia and 27 women not from the population and then track their sugar intake.
on the placebo develop osteomalacia, the relative risk for Assuming the data collected on each individual will be
developing osteomalacia for women over 40 on a calcium classified into different levels of intake including little to no
supplement is 0.48 when compared to those women not sugar intake, moderate sugar intake, and high sugar intake,
taking a calcium supplement. This indicates that taking which type of graph would allow the researcher to best
calcium has no effect on the population of interest's health represent the data they have collected?
because the relative risk is less than 1.0. Box plot
True Bar chart
False Histogram
Pie chart
10 True or False? The public health department in a particular
county with 157,237 residents has documented 629 cases of 4 Calculate the mean and standard deviation and interpret your
HIV; 157 individuals were diagnosed in the past year. Thus, findings for the following set of data showing the diastolic
the cumulative incidence for HIV in this particular county is blood pressure measurements for a sample of 9 individuals:
approximately 0.1. 61, 63, 64, 69, 71, 77, 80, 81, and 95.
True On average, the average distance of an individual data
False point is approximately 10.93 diastolic pressure points from
the mean diastolic pressure of 73.44.
On average, the average distance of an individual data
point is approximately 119.53 diastolic pressure points from
the mean diastolic pressure of 73.44.
On average, the average distance of an individual data
point is approximately 10.93 diastolic pressure points from
the mean diastolic pressure of 71.
On average, the average distance of an individual data
point is approximately 119.53 diastolic pressure points from
the mean diastolic pressure of 71.
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