Anatomy 337 Exam 2 – Questions with
Answers
Is the somatic nervous system voluntary or involuntary? - -Voluntary
- Is the autonomic nervous system voluntary or involuntary? - -Involuntary
- What type of muscle does somatic nervous system innervate? - -Skeletal
- What type of muscle does autonomic nervous system innervate? - -
Smooth and Cardiac muscle
- What are the number of lower motor neurons in the pathway in Somatic
Nervous System? - -One, from spinal cord to the effector muscle (no
ganglion)
- What are the number of lower motor neurons in the pathway in Autonomic
Nervous System? - -Two, from spinal cord to effector organ (synapse at
ganglion)
- What is the myelination level and conduction speed of Somatic Nervous
System? - -Highly myelinated to allow for very rapid signal transmission
- What is the myelination level and conduction speed of Autonomic Nervous
System? - -Lightly myelinated or unmyelinated, slow speed
- What is the origin of sympathetic division? - -Thoracic and first two lumbar
regions
- What is the origin of parasympathetic division? - -From brainstem, to
sacral levels S2-S4
- what are the lengths of pre-/postganglionic nerves in the parasympathetic
division? - -long preganglionic, short postganglionic
- what are the lengths of pre-/postganglionic nerves in the sympathetic
division? - -short preganglionic, long postganglionic
- Where is the location of the ganglia in Sympathetic? - -close to spinal cord
in sympathetic trunk (chain)
- Where is the location of the ganglia in parasympathetic? - -near of in the
target organ
, - Which response is local or widespread? - -Sympathetic is widespread and
parasympathetic is local
- What are the neurotransmitters in sympathetic division? - -Acetylcholine
and Norepinephrine
- What are the nerves that innervate the parasympathetic division? - -Vagus
Nerve (CN X) and Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves
- What are the white rami communicantes? - -structures containing
sympathetic preganglionic axons (myelinated) going to the sympathetic
chain
- What are the gray rami communicantes? - -postganglionic axons
(unmyelinated) from sympathetic chain back to spinal nerve (only used in
spinal nerve pathway)
- What pathways are in the sympathetic nervous system? - -Spinal Nerve,
Postganglionic pathway, Splanchnic nerve, Adrenal Medulla pathway
- What bones of the spinal cord are fused? - -Sacrum and coccyx
- What are the primary curvatures of the spinal cord? - -Thoracic and sacral
- What are the secondary curvatures of the spinal cord? - -Cervical and
lumbar (develops after 2 years)
- What is the coccyx for? - -Attachment site for pelvic floor muscles
- What are the anterior longitudinal ligaments of the vertebrae? - -Large and
white, prevents hyperextension
- What are the posterior longitudinal ligaments of the vertebrae? - -Narrow
and weak (ILS), prevents hyperflexion
- What happens in a Herniated Disc? - -When the vertebral body nucleus
pulposus protrudes into the anulus fibrosus (Into the posterior longitudinal
ligament)
- What part of the sternum ossifies around age 40? - -Xiphoid process
- When does the respiratory system start to develop? - -early week 4
- When does surfactant production begin? - -Week 16-26
Answers
Is the somatic nervous system voluntary or involuntary? - -Voluntary
- Is the autonomic nervous system voluntary or involuntary? - -Involuntary
- What type of muscle does somatic nervous system innervate? - -Skeletal
- What type of muscle does autonomic nervous system innervate? - -
Smooth and Cardiac muscle
- What are the number of lower motor neurons in the pathway in Somatic
Nervous System? - -One, from spinal cord to the effector muscle (no
ganglion)
- What are the number of lower motor neurons in the pathway in Autonomic
Nervous System? - -Two, from spinal cord to effector organ (synapse at
ganglion)
- What is the myelination level and conduction speed of Somatic Nervous
System? - -Highly myelinated to allow for very rapid signal transmission
- What is the myelination level and conduction speed of Autonomic Nervous
System? - -Lightly myelinated or unmyelinated, slow speed
- What is the origin of sympathetic division? - -Thoracic and first two lumbar
regions
- What is the origin of parasympathetic division? - -From brainstem, to
sacral levels S2-S4
- what are the lengths of pre-/postganglionic nerves in the parasympathetic
division? - -long preganglionic, short postganglionic
- what are the lengths of pre-/postganglionic nerves in the sympathetic
division? - -short preganglionic, long postganglionic
- Where is the location of the ganglia in Sympathetic? - -close to spinal cord
in sympathetic trunk (chain)
- Where is the location of the ganglia in parasympathetic? - -near of in the
target organ
, - Which response is local or widespread? - -Sympathetic is widespread and
parasympathetic is local
- What are the neurotransmitters in sympathetic division? - -Acetylcholine
and Norepinephrine
- What are the nerves that innervate the parasympathetic division? - -Vagus
Nerve (CN X) and Pelvic Splanchnic Nerves
- What are the white rami communicantes? - -structures containing
sympathetic preganglionic axons (myelinated) going to the sympathetic
chain
- What are the gray rami communicantes? - -postganglionic axons
(unmyelinated) from sympathetic chain back to spinal nerve (only used in
spinal nerve pathway)
- What pathways are in the sympathetic nervous system? - -Spinal Nerve,
Postganglionic pathway, Splanchnic nerve, Adrenal Medulla pathway
- What bones of the spinal cord are fused? - -Sacrum and coccyx
- What are the primary curvatures of the spinal cord? - -Thoracic and sacral
- What are the secondary curvatures of the spinal cord? - -Cervical and
lumbar (develops after 2 years)
- What is the coccyx for? - -Attachment site for pelvic floor muscles
- What are the anterior longitudinal ligaments of the vertebrae? - -Large and
white, prevents hyperextension
- What are the posterior longitudinal ligaments of the vertebrae? - -Narrow
and weak (ILS), prevents hyperflexion
- What happens in a Herniated Disc? - -When the vertebral body nucleus
pulposus protrudes into the anulus fibrosus (Into the posterior longitudinal
ligament)
- What part of the sternum ossifies around age 40? - -Xiphoid process
- When does the respiratory system start to develop? - -early week 4
- When does surfactant production begin? - -Week 16-26
