09/02/2025 11:43:17
PH207 FINAL EXAM
The comparative ability of atoms of an element to attract bonding electrons is called
electronegativity
Two different isotopes of the same element have
the same number of protons and electrons, but different numbers of neutrons
Atoms that achieve an octet by giving/taking electrons to/from other atoms form
ionic bonds
Based on its position on the periodic table, what type of ion should sulfur (S) form?
S (2-)
In a single covalent bond between two atoms, a
pair of electrons, one from each atom, is shared
Potassium (K) reacts with water (h2O) to form potassium hydroxide (KOH) and
hydrogen gas (h2). What kind of reaction is this?
replacement
What type of bond would you expect to form between potassium (K) and oxygen
(O)?
Ionic bond
The relative arrangement of the atoms in molecule is a(n)
structural formula
Which of the following types of reactions is not an oxidation-reduction reaction?
ion exchange
Water has the unique property that
its liquid is denser than its solid form
The pH scale is based on the concentration of what in solution?
hydronium ions
When an acid is dissolved in water, it is a
proton donor
Atmospheric air is a homogeneous mixture of gases that is mostly nitrogen gas.
Nitrogen is therefore the
solvent
Hydrogen bonds are formed between
a hydrogen atom of one polar molecule and an oxygen atom of another polar
molecule
An atom of an isotope with an atomic number greater than 83 will probably emit a(n)
alpha particle
What type of radioactive decay occurs when a nucleus has a neutron to proton ratio
that is too large or too small?
beta decay
Stable nuclei of heavy atoms generally have
more neutrons than protons
The emission of a gamma ray from a nucleus results in
none of the above is correct
What conclusion did Ernest Rutherford reach about the nucleus of an atom after he
performed his experiments involving the firing of alpha particles at gold foil?
An atom has a tiny, massive, and positively charged nucleus which is surrounded by
electrons
What is the difference between a polar covalent bond and a nonpolar covalent bond,
in terms of the bonding electrons?
, 09/02/2025 11:43:17
nonpolar covalent sharing equally/ polar covalent sharing unequally
What conclusions did Ernest Rutherford reach about the nucleus of an atom after he
performed his experiments involving the firing of alpha particles at gold foil?
An atom has a small, massive, and positively charged nucleus which is surrounded
by electrons
What is the difference between a polar covalent bond and a nonpolar covalent bond,
in terms of the bonding electrons?
Nonpolar covalent bond is a bond where 2 atoms share a pair of electrons with each
other. Polar covalent bond is a bond where a pair of electrons is unequally shared
between 2 atoms.
Iron (Fe) reacts with oxygen gas (O2) to yield iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3). Write a
balanced chemical equation for this reaction and indicate which class of reaction it
belongs to (combination, decomposition, or replacement).
4 Fe + 3 O2 ---> 2 Fe2O3 Combination reaction
a) On a molecular level, what is responsible for most of water's unique properties?
(b) Choose one of these properties and explain, on a molecular level, why water has
this property.
A. its high specific heat, high heat of vaporization, and the fact that it is denser than
ice. B. Water, in liquid form, is denser than ice most likely because of the six-sided
hexagonal structure that its molecules form. This leaves a large area on the inside of
the hexagon empty.
Radioactive decay occurs when a nucleus is unstable. Choose one of the three
types of radioactive decay (alpha, beta, gamma) and explain in as much detail as
you can what happens during this type of decay, and why it happens (i.e. what
instability causes it).
An alpha emission happens when there are more than 83 protons in an element,
which means the element is unstable. When an alpha emission occurs, a nucleus of
a helium atom is emitted as radiation. This causes the original element to lose 2
protons and 2 neutrons. Therefore, a different element is the result.
Ferromagnesian silicates are characterized by the presence of
iron and magnesium
A naturally occurring inorganic solid element or compound with a crystalline structure
is a
mineral
The most abundant elements in the earth's crust are
silicon and oxygen
Rocks that are formed from particles of other rocks or from dissolved materials from
previously existing rocks are classified as
sedimentary
Compaction and cementation are the two stages in what process?
Lithifcation
Igneous rock that slowly cooled deep below Earth's crust is
intrusive
An example of a metamorphic rock is
marble
The three main areas of Earth's interior are
core, mantle, crust
The layer that is broken up into plates that move in the upper mantle is the
lithosphere
Transform boundaries occur when
PH207 FINAL EXAM
The comparative ability of atoms of an element to attract bonding electrons is called
electronegativity
Two different isotopes of the same element have
the same number of protons and electrons, but different numbers of neutrons
Atoms that achieve an octet by giving/taking electrons to/from other atoms form
ionic bonds
Based on its position on the periodic table, what type of ion should sulfur (S) form?
S (2-)
In a single covalent bond between two atoms, a
pair of electrons, one from each atom, is shared
Potassium (K) reacts with water (h2O) to form potassium hydroxide (KOH) and
hydrogen gas (h2). What kind of reaction is this?
replacement
What type of bond would you expect to form between potassium (K) and oxygen
(O)?
Ionic bond
The relative arrangement of the atoms in molecule is a(n)
structural formula
Which of the following types of reactions is not an oxidation-reduction reaction?
ion exchange
Water has the unique property that
its liquid is denser than its solid form
The pH scale is based on the concentration of what in solution?
hydronium ions
When an acid is dissolved in water, it is a
proton donor
Atmospheric air is a homogeneous mixture of gases that is mostly nitrogen gas.
Nitrogen is therefore the
solvent
Hydrogen bonds are formed between
a hydrogen atom of one polar molecule and an oxygen atom of another polar
molecule
An atom of an isotope with an atomic number greater than 83 will probably emit a(n)
alpha particle
What type of radioactive decay occurs when a nucleus has a neutron to proton ratio
that is too large or too small?
beta decay
Stable nuclei of heavy atoms generally have
more neutrons than protons
The emission of a gamma ray from a nucleus results in
none of the above is correct
What conclusion did Ernest Rutherford reach about the nucleus of an atom after he
performed his experiments involving the firing of alpha particles at gold foil?
An atom has a tiny, massive, and positively charged nucleus which is surrounded by
electrons
What is the difference between a polar covalent bond and a nonpolar covalent bond,
in terms of the bonding electrons?
, 09/02/2025 11:43:17
nonpolar covalent sharing equally/ polar covalent sharing unequally
What conclusions did Ernest Rutherford reach about the nucleus of an atom after he
performed his experiments involving the firing of alpha particles at gold foil?
An atom has a small, massive, and positively charged nucleus which is surrounded
by electrons
What is the difference between a polar covalent bond and a nonpolar covalent bond,
in terms of the bonding electrons?
Nonpolar covalent bond is a bond where 2 atoms share a pair of electrons with each
other. Polar covalent bond is a bond where a pair of electrons is unequally shared
between 2 atoms.
Iron (Fe) reacts with oxygen gas (O2) to yield iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3). Write a
balanced chemical equation for this reaction and indicate which class of reaction it
belongs to (combination, decomposition, or replacement).
4 Fe + 3 O2 ---> 2 Fe2O3 Combination reaction
a) On a molecular level, what is responsible for most of water's unique properties?
(b) Choose one of these properties and explain, on a molecular level, why water has
this property.
A. its high specific heat, high heat of vaporization, and the fact that it is denser than
ice. B. Water, in liquid form, is denser than ice most likely because of the six-sided
hexagonal structure that its molecules form. This leaves a large area on the inside of
the hexagon empty.
Radioactive decay occurs when a nucleus is unstable. Choose one of the three
types of radioactive decay (alpha, beta, gamma) and explain in as much detail as
you can what happens during this type of decay, and why it happens (i.e. what
instability causes it).
An alpha emission happens when there are more than 83 protons in an element,
which means the element is unstable. When an alpha emission occurs, a nucleus of
a helium atom is emitted as radiation. This causes the original element to lose 2
protons and 2 neutrons. Therefore, a different element is the result.
Ferromagnesian silicates are characterized by the presence of
iron and magnesium
A naturally occurring inorganic solid element or compound with a crystalline structure
is a
mineral
The most abundant elements in the earth's crust are
silicon and oxygen
Rocks that are formed from particles of other rocks or from dissolved materials from
previously existing rocks are classified as
sedimentary
Compaction and cementation are the two stages in what process?
Lithifcation
Igneous rock that slowly cooled deep below Earth's crust is
intrusive
An example of a metamorphic rock is
marble
The three main areas of Earth's interior are
core, mantle, crust
The layer that is broken up into plates that move in the upper mantle is the
lithosphere
Transform boundaries occur when
