Anatomy 337 UW Madison Exam 2|
321 Accurate Questions and answers
How many bones does the vertebral column have? - -26
- How many individual vertebrae are there? - -24
- How many cervical vertebrae are there? - -7
- How many lumbar vertebrae are there? - -5
- How many thoracic vertebrae are there? - -12
- What are the other two inferior bones of the vertebral column? - -Sacrum
and Coccyx
- cerevical vertebrae - -first set of vertebrae that are found in the neck
region; spinous process is bifid, smaller body
- thoracic vertebrae - -the second set of 12 vertebrae; bigger body; long,
inferior pointing spinous process, large transverse process
- lumbar vertebrae - -lower back, thick and fat spinous process and body
- Primary Curvatures - -thoracic and sacral, born with them, young kids are
more forward
- Secondary Curvatures - -cervical and lumbar, develop in first two years of
life, balance weight
- scoliosis - -abnormal lateral (left or right) curvature of the spine, severe
results in injury
- kyphosis - -hunchback, extra kyphotic curvature
- lordosis - -abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine (sway-back
condition), lumbar, extra lumbar curvature, can happen during pregnancy
but probably goes back
- function of four curves - -establish the body's center of gravity, balance
the head at the top of the vertebral column, permit upright walking and
running
, - vertebral anatomy - -the vertebrae enclose and protect the spinal cord.
Structures on the vertebrae feature processes for muscle attachments and
for joint formation between adjacent vertebrae or between vertebrae and
ribs.
- vertebral body - -transfers weight along the spine, bodies interconnected
by ligaments, separated by pads of fibrous cartilage (intervertebral discs)
- spinous process - -projects posteriorly and caudally from midlines, can be
seen and felt through skin of back, sites of muscles attachment, articulate
with ribs
- transverse process - -project laterally/dorsolaterally on both sides where
the laminae join the peddles, muscle attachment, articulate with ribs
- superior and inferior articular processes - -paired projections lateral to the
vertebral foramen, allowing a vertebra to form joints with adjacent vertebrae
- vertebral foramen - -canal through which spinal cord passes
- intervertebral foramen - -spinal nerves coming out space between
vertebrae, lateral view
- atlas - -C1, has deep superior articular facets that articulate with the
occipital condyles of the occipital bone, YES motion
- axis - -C2, has a dens which acts as a pivot point for the rotation of the
atlas and the skull (NO)
- C1 and C2 - -most of the rotation of head, first joint allows most flexion of
the neck
- coccyx - -attachment site for pelvic floor muscles
- sacrum - -superior articular proces: articulates with L5
ventral (anterior) foramina: ventral rami of sacral spinal nerves
dorsal (posterior) foramina: dorsal rami of sacral spinal nerves
- transverse foramina - -protect the vertebral arteries and veins, important
blood vessels supplying the brain
- anterior longtitudinal ligament - -large and wide, prevents hyperextension
- posterior longitudinal ligament - -narrow and weak, prevent hyper flexion
, - what ligaments prevents hyper flexion in the vertebral column? - -
posterior longitudinal, interspinous, supraspinous
- intervertebral articulations - -Vertebral bodies separated by
intervertebral discs with: Outer anulus fibrosus and inner nucleus pulposus
mostly fibril cartilage
- herniated disc - -protrusion of a fragmented intervertebral disc in the
intervertebral foramen with potential compression of a nerve
ligaments don't cover, pinches a nerve
pain, numbness, tingling, weakness; pain in left thigh (herniation in L2)
- erector spine muscles - -function: help keep spine erect, extend spine
bilateral: extension of vertebral column
unilateral (not spinalis): lateral flexion of vertebral column
three groups:
iliocostalis (most lateral)
longissimus (longest)
spinalis (deepest)
- thoracic cage - -Composed of:
Thoracic vertebrae posteriorly, sternum and costal cartilages anteriorly, ribs
laterally
Functions: protects heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus, and other thoracic
organs; muscle attachment
- sternum - -manubrium, body, xiphoid process
- manubrium - -the bony structure that forms the upper portion of the
sternum, clavicular notches, suprasternal (jugular notches)
- body - -middle, costal articulations
- xiphoid process - -inferior, ossifies around age 40, can be
fractured/dislocated during CPR, mostly cartilage at start
- ribs - -hyaline costal cartilage anteriorly, covers the end of most bone
, - true ribs - -ribs 1-7; direct articulation with sternum via costal cartilage
- false ribs - -ribs 8-12, ribs 8-10 have an indirect sternal articulation
- floating ribs - -Ribs 11-12; do not articulate with the sternum, sites of
muscular attachment
- rib articulation with thoracic vertebrae - --2 demifacets on bodies of two
adjacent vertebrae; transverse process of inferior vertebrae articulates with
the angle of the rib
rib # is for the transverse process it articulates with
- intercostal nerves - -anterior rami of spinal nerves T1-T11; travel in
intercostal spaces, spaces named for rib superior to them, in between ribs
blood vessels and nerves are passing
spinal nerve T12- subcostal nerve
- intercostal nerves and dermatomes - -T1: part of brachial plexus
T3-T6: innervate the intercostal muscles and are sensory for the anterior
chest wall
T7-T12: innervate the intercostal muscles, the abdominal muscles, and
overlying skin
sensory distribution of the nerve root
- what do intercostal vessels supply? - -muscles, skin, and overlying and
underlying tissues
- posterior longitudinal system - -descending aorta: origin of most arteries
of the trunk wall
gives posterior intercostal arteries and subcostal artery
- anterior longitudinal system - -internal thoracic artery: branch of
subclavian artery
give anterior intercostal arteries
- intercostal space structures - -External Intercostal Muscles
Internal Intercostal Muscles
Intercostal Veins
Intercostal Arteries
321 Accurate Questions and answers
How many bones does the vertebral column have? - -26
- How many individual vertebrae are there? - -24
- How many cervical vertebrae are there? - -7
- How many lumbar vertebrae are there? - -5
- How many thoracic vertebrae are there? - -12
- What are the other two inferior bones of the vertebral column? - -Sacrum
and Coccyx
- cerevical vertebrae - -first set of vertebrae that are found in the neck
region; spinous process is bifid, smaller body
- thoracic vertebrae - -the second set of 12 vertebrae; bigger body; long,
inferior pointing spinous process, large transverse process
- lumbar vertebrae - -lower back, thick and fat spinous process and body
- Primary Curvatures - -thoracic and sacral, born with them, young kids are
more forward
- Secondary Curvatures - -cervical and lumbar, develop in first two years of
life, balance weight
- scoliosis - -abnormal lateral (left or right) curvature of the spine, severe
results in injury
- kyphosis - -hunchback, extra kyphotic curvature
- lordosis - -abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine (sway-back
condition), lumbar, extra lumbar curvature, can happen during pregnancy
but probably goes back
- function of four curves - -establish the body's center of gravity, balance
the head at the top of the vertebral column, permit upright walking and
running
, - vertebral anatomy - -the vertebrae enclose and protect the spinal cord.
Structures on the vertebrae feature processes for muscle attachments and
for joint formation between adjacent vertebrae or between vertebrae and
ribs.
- vertebral body - -transfers weight along the spine, bodies interconnected
by ligaments, separated by pads of fibrous cartilage (intervertebral discs)
- spinous process - -projects posteriorly and caudally from midlines, can be
seen and felt through skin of back, sites of muscles attachment, articulate
with ribs
- transverse process - -project laterally/dorsolaterally on both sides where
the laminae join the peddles, muscle attachment, articulate with ribs
- superior and inferior articular processes - -paired projections lateral to the
vertebral foramen, allowing a vertebra to form joints with adjacent vertebrae
- vertebral foramen - -canal through which spinal cord passes
- intervertebral foramen - -spinal nerves coming out space between
vertebrae, lateral view
- atlas - -C1, has deep superior articular facets that articulate with the
occipital condyles of the occipital bone, YES motion
- axis - -C2, has a dens which acts as a pivot point for the rotation of the
atlas and the skull (NO)
- C1 and C2 - -most of the rotation of head, first joint allows most flexion of
the neck
- coccyx - -attachment site for pelvic floor muscles
- sacrum - -superior articular proces: articulates with L5
ventral (anterior) foramina: ventral rami of sacral spinal nerves
dorsal (posterior) foramina: dorsal rami of sacral spinal nerves
- transverse foramina - -protect the vertebral arteries and veins, important
blood vessels supplying the brain
- anterior longtitudinal ligament - -large and wide, prevents hyperextension
- posterior longitudinal ligament - -narrow and weak, prevent hyper flexion
, - what ligaments prevents hyper flexion in the vertebral column? - -
posterior longitudinal, interspinous, supraspinous
- intervertebral articulations - -Vertebral bodies separated by
intervertebral discs with: Outer anulus fibrosus and inner nucleus pulposus
mostly fibril cartilage
- herniated disc - -protrusion of a fragmented intervertebral disc in the
intervertebral foramen with potential compression of a nerve
ligaments don't cover, pinches a nerve
pain, numbness, tingling, weakness; pain in left thigh (herniation in L2)
- erector spine muscles - -function: help keep spine erect, extend spine
bilateral: extension of vertebral column
unilateral (not spinalis): lateral flexion of vertebral column
three groups:
iliocostalis (most lateral)
longissimus (longest)
spinalis (deepest)
- thoracic cage - -Composed of:
Thoracic vertebrae posteriorly, sternum and costal cartilages anteriorly, ribs
laterally
Functions: protects heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus, and other thoracic
organs; muscle attachment
- sternum - -manubrium, body, xiphoid process
- manubrium - -the bony structure that forms the upper portion of the
sternum, clavicular notches, suprasternal (jugular notches)
- body - -middle, costal articulations
- xiphoid process - -inferior, ossifies around age 40, can be
fractured/dislocated during CPR, mostly cartilage at start
- ribs - -hyaline costal cartilage anteriorly, covers the end of most bone
, - true ribs - -ribs 1-7; direct articulation with sternum via costal cartilage
- false ribs - -ribs 8-12, ribs 8-10 have an indirect sternal articulation
- floating ribs - -Ribs 11-12; do not articulate with the sternum, sites of
muscular attachment
- rib articulation with thoracic vertebrae - --2 demifacets on bodies of two
adjacent vertebrae; transverse process of inferior vertebrae articulates with
the angle of the rib
rib # is for the transverse process it articulates with
- intercostal nerves - -anterior rami of spinal nerves T1-T11; travel in
intercostal spaces, spaces named for rib superior to them, in between ribs
blood vessels and nerves are passing
spinal nerve T12- subcostal nerve
- intercostal nerves and dermatomes - -T1: part of brachial plexus
T3-T6: innervate the intercostal muscles and are sensory for the anterior
chest wall
T7-T12: innervate the intercostal muscles, the abdominal muscles, and
overlying skin
sensory distribution of the nerve root
- what do intercostal vessels supply? - -muscles, skin, and overlying and
underlying tissues
- posterior longitudinal system - -descending aorta: origin of most arteries
of the trunk wall
gives posterior intercostal arteries and subcostal artery
- anterior longitudinal system - -internal thoracic artery: branch of
subclavian artery
give anterior intercostal arteries
- intercostal space structures - -External Intercostal Muscles
Internal Intercostal Muscles
Intercostal Veins
Intercostal Arteries
