HESI EXIT PATHOPHYSIOLOGY ACTUAL TEST EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH ANSWERS 2025/2026 GRADED A+
Resolution - returns injured tissues to an approximation of their original structure
Repair - replacement of destroyed tissue with scar tissue, not as strong as original
tissue
Dehiscence - when an approximated wound pulls apart at the suture line
Primary Intention (1st intention) - Wound edges are approximated until healing occurs
Secondary Intention - Occurs when wounds that have tissue loss and require gradual
filling in of dead space with connective tissue. Wounds left open
Third (tertiary) - Wounds left open intentionally to remove debris and then approximated
Contracture - Proper Positioning and Range of Motion exercises to prevent. Burn
wounds especially susceptible.
Antigens vs Immunogens - Antigens: react with antibodies or antigen receptors
Immunogens: produce immune response and antibodies
IgG - Most abundant
Protective against infection
IgA - Found predominantly in blood
Found in normal body secretions, mucus membranes
IgM - First antibody produced during initial or primary response
IgE - Common in allergic responses
Defense against parasites
Anaphylaxis - Pruritus
Erythema
Headaches
Vomiting
Abdominal Cramps
Diarrhea
Bronchoconstriction
Type I: Immediate Anaphylactic - *ex:* Anaphylaxis; Atopic Diseases; Skin Reactions;
Food allergies
*P:* Histamine and leukotriene production
*C:* IgE
, Type II: Cytolytic, Cytotoxic - *ex:* ABO incompatibility; Drug-induced hemolytic anemia
*P:* Cell lysis d/t complement fixation
*C:* IgG; IgM; Complement
Type III: Immune Complex - *ex:* Arthus reaction; Serum Sickness; SLE; Acute
Glomerulonephritis.
*P:* Inflammation d/t immune complex blockage
*C:* Antigen-antibody complexes
Type IV: Cell-mediated, delayed - *ex:* Tuberculosis, Contact dermatitis, Transplant
rejection
*P:* Lymphokine release
*C:* Sensitized T-Cells
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) - Autoimmune - *P:* Autoantibodies against
nucleic acids, and other immune cells and cell products. Causes inflammatory lesions in
organs (brain, heart, kidneys, etc)
*R/F:* Women; Black; 20-40 yrs; Hydralazine
*S/S:* Arthralgias; vasculitis; rash; renal disease; anemia
Incubation Period - Initial exposure
Colonization
Asymptomatic
Prodromal Period - Initial Ambiguous Symptoms
Invasion Period - Invasion
Specific Symptoms
Convalescence - Successful removal of infectious agents
Decline of symptoms
Septic Shock (Endotoxic Shock) - Leading cause of death in ICUs
*C:* gram (-) bacteria, some gram (+) and fungi
*S/S:* vasodilation, hypoxia, cardiovascular shock
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) - Blood Borne (blood, vaginal fluids, semen,
breast milk)
*P:* Retrovirus converts its own RNA to DNA, Decreases in helper T cells. Serologically
4-7 weeks can be up to years.
*S/S:* Weight Loss; Annorexia; Kaposi sarcoma; Vesicular and ulcerative lesions
perianal; loss of vision
Paraneoplastic Syndrome - When tumor markers such as alpha fetoprotein (AFP) and
prostate specific antigens (PSA) cause symptoms
WITH ANSWERS 2025/2026 GRADED A+
Resolution - returns injured tissues to an approximation of their original structure
Repair - replacement of destroyed tissue with scar tissue, not as strong as original
tissue
Dehiscence - when an approximated wound pulls apart at the suture line
Primary Intention (1st intention) - Wound edges are approximated until healing occurs
Secondary Intention - Occurs when wounds that have tissue loss and require gradual
filling in of dead space with connective tissue. Wounds left open
Third (tertiary) - Wounds left open intentionally to remove debris and then approximated
Contracture - Proper Positioning and Range of Motion exercises to prevent. Burn
wounds especially susceptible.
Antigens vs Immunogens - Antigens: react with antibodies or antigen receptors
Immunogens: produce immune response and antibodies
IgG - Most abundant
Protective against infection
IgA - Found predominantly in blood
Found in normal body secretions, mucus membranes
IgM - First antibody produced during initial or primary response
IgE - Common in allergic responses
Defense against parasites
Anaphylaxis - Pruritus
Erythema
Headaches
Vomiting
Abdominal Cramps
Diarrhea
Bronchoconstriction
Type I: Immediate Anaphylactic - *ex:* Anaphylaxis; Atopic Diseases; Skin Reactions;
Food allergies
*P:* Histamine and leukotriene production
*C:* IgE
, Type II: Cytolytic, Cytotoxic - *ex:* ABO incompatibility; Drug-induced hemolytic anemia
*P:* Cell lysis d/t complement fixation
*C:* IgG; IgM; Complement
Type III: Immune Complex - *ex:* Arthus reaction; Serum Sickness; SLE; Acute
Glomerulonephritis.
*P:* Inflammation d/t immune complex blockage
*C:* Antigen-antibody complexes
Type IV: Cell-mediated, delayed - *ex:* Tuberculosis, Contact dermatitis, Transplant
rejection
*P:* Lymphokine release
*C:* Sensitized T-Cells
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) - Autoimmune - *P:* Autoantibodies against
nucleic acids, and other immune cells and cell products. Causes inflammatory lesions in
organs (brain, heart, kidneys, etc)
*R/F:* Women; Black; 20-40 yrs; Hydralazine
*S/S:* Arthralgias; vasculitis; rash; renal disease; anemia
Incubation Period - Initial exposure
Colonization
Asymptomatic
Prodromal Period - Initial Ambiguous Symptoms
Invasion Period - Invasion
Specific Symptoms
Convalescence - Successful removal of infectious agents
Decline of symptoms
Septic Shock (Endotoxic Shock) - Leading cause of death in ICUs
*C:* gram (-) bacteria, some gram (+) and fungi
*S/S:* vasodilation, hypoxia, cardiovascular shock
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) - Blood Borne (blood, vaginal fluids, semen,
breast milk)
*P:* Retrovirus converts its own RNA to DNA, Decreases in helper T cells. Serologically
4-7 weeks can be up to years.
*S/S:* Weight Loss; Annorexia; Kaposi sarcoma; Vesicular and ulcerative lesions
perianal; loss of vision
Paraneoplastic Syndrome - When tumor markers such as alpha fetoprotein (AFP) and
prostate specific antigens (PSA) cause symptoms
