PSYCH 2050 - Exam 1 Questions With Complete Solutions
2 Mechanisms of crossing the blood-brain barrier Correct
Answers Barriers:
- Cell Membranes: Some drugs have to be able to pass through
a cell's membrane in order to have an effect Important at the 1)
stomach and intestinal lining, 2) passing into a cell, 3) passing
out of a cell, 4) kidneys into bloodstream
- Capillaries: These restrict the size of the drug that can be
passed through them. Diameter of pores is 90 - 150 angstroms
Placental Barrier: Noteworthy in that it separates 2 human
beings barely prevent anything from going between the mother
and child:
Why drugs can have teratogenic effects (i.e., negative
unintended effects to the baby)
Blood-brain barrier: Most important one for
psychopharmacology
3 Ways that neurons affect each other Correct Answers
Excitatory
- makes postsynaptic neuron more likely to fire
Inhibitory
- opposite (less likely)
Modulatory
- modifies effect; increase or decrease excitatory or inhibitory
,4 Steps of Pharmacokinetics Correct Answers Absorption -
Processes and mechanisms by which drugs enter the body
Distribution - How a drug is spread throughout the body to take
its effects
Metabolism - How a drug is broken down
Elimination - How a drug is expelled from the body
Absorption - Routes of administration Correct Answers - oral:
speed affected by other foods digested at the same time, and
generally safe
- insufflation: absorbed through the mucous membrane. Can
cause nasal necrosis
- injection: good for irritating substances. Risk of overdose and
infection
- inhalation: very rapid, but sensitive to irritating substances
- Other - Examples: Transdermal, sublingual, suppository, etc.
Acetylcholine (Ach) Correct Answers Receptors:
- muscarinic (M1 through M5 subtypes)
- nicotinic (Nn and Nm subtypes)
Function:
- learning
, - memory
- sensory processing
- arousal and attention
Action Potentials Correct Answers Step 1 of the action
potential: Spiking
- When the action potential starts, Na+ is let into the cell, while
the K+ is not allowed to escape, which results in the cell having
a relatively positive charge (compared to the extracellular
environment).
Step 2 & 3 of the action potential: Spike drop and refractory
period
- The Na/K pumps are opened which leads to the cell becoming
negatively charged again (spike drop)
- The neuron tends to go lower than the resting state and needs a
brief period of time to adjust the charge to its resting state
(refractory period)
- During the refractory period the neuron will not fire again.
Agonists Correct Answers Drugs that simulate the effect of a
neurotransmitter and increases the activity of the receptor
Agonists Behavior Correct Answers acts like
neurotransmitters; mimic
[curve going above axis normal amount]
Antagonists Correct Answers Drugs that decrease the receptor's
activity when attached. There are many ways this can happen.
2 Mechanisms of crossing the blood-brain barrier Correct
Answers Barriers:
- Cell Membranes: Some drugs have to be able to pass through
a cell's membrane in order to have an effect Important at the 1)
stomach and intestinal lining, 2) passing into a cell, 3) passing
out of a cell, 4) kidneys into bloodstream
- Capillaries: These restrict the size of the drug that can be
passed through them. Diameter of pores is 90 - 150 angstroms
Placental Barrier: Noteworthy in that it separates 2 human
beings barely prevent anything from going between the mother
and child:
Why drugs can have teratogenic effects (i.e., negative
unintended effects to the baby)
Blood-brain barrier: Most important one for
psychopharmacology
3 Ways that neurons affect each other Correct Answers
Excitatory
- makes postsynaptic neuron more likely to fire
Inhibitory
- opposite (less likely)
Modulatory
- modifies effect; increase or decrease excitatory or inhibitory
,4 Steps of Pharmacokinetics Correct Answers Absorption -
Processes and mechanisms by which drugs enter the body
Distribution - How a drug is spread throughout the body to take
its effects
Metabolism - How a drug is broken down
Elimination - How a drug is expelled from the body
Absorption - Routes of administration Correct Answers - oral:
speed affected by other foods digested at the same time, and
generally safe
- insufflation: absorbed through the mucous membrane. Can
cause nasal necrosis
- injection: good for irritating substances. Risk of overdose and
infection
- inhalation: very rapid, but sensitive to irritating substances
- Other - Examples: Transdermal, sublingual, suppository, etc.
Acetylcholine (Ach) Correct Answers Receptors:
- muscarinic (M1 through M5 subtypes)
- nicotinic (Nn and Nm subtypes)
Function:
- learning
, - memory
- sensory processing
- arousal and attention
Action Potentials Correct Answers Step 1 of the action
potential: Spiking
- When the action potential starts, Na+ is let into the cell, while
the K+ is not allowed to escape, which results in the cell having
a relatively positive charge (compared to the extracellular
environment).
Step 2 & 3 of the action potential: Spike drop and refractory
period
- The Na/K pumps are opened which leads to the cell becoming
negatively charged again (spike drop)
- The neuron tends to go lower than the resting state and needs a
brief period of time to adjust the charge to its resting state
(refractory period)
- During the refractory period the neuron will not fire again.
Agonists Correct Answers Drugs that simulate the effect of a
neurotransmitter and increases the activity of the receptor
Agonists Behavior Correct Answers acts like
neurotransmitters; mimic
[curve going above axis normal amount]
Antagonists Correct Answers Drugs that decrease the receptor's
activity when attached. There are many ways this can happen.
