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,Chapter 01 - Humans and the Microbial World
Chapter 01
Humans and the Microbial World
Multiple Choice Questions
Prokaryotic cell
Cell type characterized by the lack of a membrane-bound nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelles.
Prokaryote
Single-celled organism consisting of a prokaryotic cell.
Members of the domains: Bacteria and Archaea.
Pathogen
Disease-causing organisms or agent.
Normal Microbiota
The group of microorganisms that colonize the body surfaces but do not usually cause disease.
Bioremediation
The use of organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems.
Endospore
A unique type of dormant cell produced by some bacterial cells when they are exposed to harsh conditions such as: heat , desiccation, toxic
chemicals, and UV light.
Emerging Infectious Disease (EDI)
Is an infectious disease that has become more common in the last 35 years.
These include: Ebola virus disease, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), Hepatitis C, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS),
certain types of influenza, Lyme disease, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, and mad cow
disease (bovine spongiform encephalopathy).
Light microscope
Microscope that uses visible light and a series of lenses to magnify objects up to 1,000X.
Bacteria
Also known as true bacteria. They are microscopic prokaryotic cells. They are cells that have no nucleus or organelles enclosed within
membranes.
Archaea
Most are microbes that live in extreme environments. Also called extremophiles. Some species live in ordinary temperatures and salinities.
Gram-negative bacteria
Bacteria that lose the crystal violet in the Gram stain procedure and therefore stain pink; their cell wall is composed of a thin layer of
peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane.
Gram-positive bacteria
Bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain in the Gram stain procedure and therefore stain purple; their cell wall is composed of a thick layer
of peptidoglycan.
Cell envelope
The layers surrounding the contents of the cell; includes the cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall and capsule (if present).
Cytoplasm
Is a thick solution that fills each cell and is enclosed by the cell membrane. It is mainly composed of water, salts, and proteins.
In eukaryotic cells, the cytoplasm includes all of the material inside the cell and outside of the nucleus.
Nucleoid
Is the gel-like region in the cytoplasm where the cells chromosome is found. Not enclosed by a membrane.
Contains all or most of the genetic material, called genophore. DNA in the nucleoid may be supercoiled.
Cytoplasmic membrane (plasma membrane)
Is a thin delicate structure that surrounds the cytoplasm and defines the boundary of the cell.
It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins. It is selectively permeable, has proteins, glycoproteins, carbohydrates and
lipoproteins associated/integrated into membrane.
Fluid mosaic model
The structure and composition if the membrane, with its resulting dynamic nature. Envisions the membrane as a mosaic of protein molecules
drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids.
Aquaporin
Pore-forming membrane proteins that specifically allow water molecules to pass through.
Electron Transport System (ETS)
Group of membrane-embedded electron carriers that pass electrons from one to another, and, in the process, move protons across the
membrane to create a proton motive force.
Proton motive force
Form of energy generated as an electron transport chain moves protons across a membrane to create a chemiosmotic gradient.
The energy can be harvested when protons are allowed to move back into the cell and it is also used to power one of the transport systems,
and some forms of motility.
Transport systems
Mechanisms that allow nutrients and other small molecules to enter the cell.
Facilitated diffusion
Is a form of passive transport, meaning that it does not require energy. Can only move substances down a concentration.
1-1
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
, Chapter 01 - Humans and the Microbial World
Active transport
Moves compounds against a concentration gradient and, therefore, requires energy.
Group translocation
Is a transport process that chemically alters a molecule during its passage through the cytoplasmic membrane.
Peptidoglycan
It is a polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer outside the plasma membrane of most bacteria, forming the
cell wall.
Teichoic acid
Negatively charged chains of a common subunit (either ribitol-phosphate or glycerol-phosphate) to which various sugars and D-alanine are
typically attached.
It is a characteristic of Gram-positive bacteria.
Lipoteichoic acid
Component of the Gram-positive cell wall that is linked to the cytoplasmic membrane.
Outer membrane
A unique lipid bilayer embedded with proteins.
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
Molecule formed by bonding of lipid to polysaccharide; a part of the outer membrane and it is a characteristic of Gram-negative bacteria.
Lipid A
This is the LPS molecule that the body recognizes as the sign of invading Gram-negative bacteria.
O antigen
Is the portion of LPS directed away from the membrane, at the end opposite of lipid A.
Periplasm
The gel-like material that fills the region between the cytoplasmic membrane and the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
Capsule
A distinct, thick gelatinous material that surrounds some microorganisms. Allows bacteria to adhere to specific surfaces; allows some
organisms to avoid the body's defense system and thus cause disease.
Most are composed of polysaccharides (glycocalyx) that are firmly attached to the cell wall.
Slime layer
Type of glycocalyx that is diffuse and irregular.
Often appears moist and glistening
Glycocalyx
(glyco means "sugar", and calyx means "shell")
Composed of polysaccharides, consist of polypeptides made up of repeating subunits of only one or two amino acids.
Prokaryotic flagella
(singular: flagellum)
Is a small and simple structure made up of identical subunits of protein called flagellin.
It is powered by the proton motive force and rotates in a clockwise or counterclockwise direction. Each flagellum has three parts: basal body,
hook, and filament.
Eukaryotic flagella
Is a large complex structure that depends on ATP for energy and it moves in a whip like manner.
The core is a bundle of nine pairs of microtubules surrounding two central pairs of microtubules (9+2 arrangement); each microtubule is
composed of the protein tubulin.
Prokaryotic chromosome
Is typically a single, circular double-stranded DNA molecule that contains all the genetic information required by a prokaryotic cell.
Plasmid
Small extrachromosomal circular DNA molecule that replicates independently of the chromosome; often codes for antibiotic resistance.
Prokaryotic ribosome
Complex of proteins and RNA that is essential for protein synthesis. Prokaryotic ribosomes are 70S and are composed of a 30S and a 50S
subunit.
Bacterial iclusions
Are distinct granules that may occupy a substantial part of the cytoplasm. Inclusions accumulate when a cell is grown in the presence of
excess nutrients, such as glycogen and magnetites.
Gas Vesicles
Small, rigid, protein bound compartments that provide buoyancy to the cell.
Sporulation
Is a complex sequence of changes that begin when spore-forming bacteria experience limiting amounts of carbon or nitrogen. It's an 8-hour
sporulation process when it is triggered.
It is not a means of cell reproduction.
Germination
The process by which an endospore or other resisting cell becomes a vegetative cell. Can be triggered by a brief exposure to heat or certain
chemicals and takes 1-2 hours.
Not a means of cell reproduction.
Ligand
1-2
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
MICROBIOLOGY: A HUMAN
PERSPECTIVE, 10TH EDITION
EXAM WITH
ACTUAL NGN QUESTIONS
AND
VERIFIED WELL EXPLAINED
100% CORRECT ANSWERS
WITH
RATIONALES GRADED A+
LATEST UPDATE 2025 WITH
100% GUARANTEED SUCCESS
AFTER DOWNLOAD (ALL
YOU
NEED TO PASS YOUR EXAMS
,
,Chapter 01 - Humans and the Microbial World
Chapter 01
Humans and the Microbial World
Multiple Choice Questions
Prokaryotic cell
Cell type characterized by the lack of a membrane-bound nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelles.
Prokaryote
Single-celled organism consisting of a prokaryotic cell.
Members of the domains: Bacteria and Archaea.
Pathogen
Disease-causing organisms or agent.
Normal Microbiota
The group of microorganisms that colonize the body surfaces but do not usually cause disease.
Bioremediation
The use of organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems.
Endospore
A unique type of dormant cell produced by some bacterial cells when they are exposed to harsh conditions such as: heat , desiccation, toxic
chemicals, and UV light.
Emerging Infectious Disease (EDI)
Is an infectious disease that has become more common in the last 35 years.
These include: Ebola virus disease, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), Hepatitis C, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS),
certain types of influenza, Lyme disease, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, and mad cow
disease (bovine spongiform encephalopathy).
Light microscope
Microscope that uses visible light and a series of lenses to magnify objects up to 1,000X.
Bacteria
Also known as true bacteria. They are microscopic prokaryotic cells. They are cells that have no nucleus or organelles enclosed within
membranes.
Archaea
Most are microbes that live in extreme environments. Also called extremophiles. Some species live in ordinary temperatures and salinities.
Gram-negative bacteria
Bacteria that lose the crystal violet in the Gram stain procedure and therefore stain pink; their cell wall is composed of a thin layer of
peptidoglycan surrounded by an outer membrane.
Gram-positive bacteria
Bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain in the Gram stain procedure and therefore stain purple; their cell wall is composed of a thick layer
of peptidoglycan.
Cell envelope
The layers surrounding the contents of the cell; includes the cytoplasmic membrane, cell wall and capsule (if present).
Cytoplasm
Is a thick solution that fills each cell and is enclosed by the cell membrane. It is mainly composed of water, salts, and proteins.
In eukaryotic cells, the cytoplasm includes all of the material inside the cell and outside of the nucleus.
Nucleoid
Is the gel-like region in the cytoplasm where the cells chromosome is found. Not enclosed by a membrane.
Contains all or most of the genetic material, called genophore. DNA in the nucleoid may be supercoiled.
Cytoplasmic membrane (plasma membrane)
Is a thin delicate structure that surrounds the cytoplasm and defines the boundary of the cell.
It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins. It is selectively permeable, has proteins, glycoproteins, carbohydrates and
lipoproteins associated/integrated into membrane.
Fluid mosaic model
The structure and composition if the membrane, with its resulting dynamic nature. Envisions the membrane as a mosaic of protein molecules
drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids.
Aquaporin
Pore-forming membrane proteins that specifically allow water molecules to pass through.
Electron Transport System (ETS)
Group of membrane-embedded electron carriers that pass electrons from one to another, and, in the process, move protons across the
membrane to create a proton motive force.
Proton motive force
Form of energy generated as an electron transport chain moves protons across a membrane to create a chemiosmotic gradient.
The energy can be harvested when protons are allowed to move back into the cell and it is also used to power one of the transport systems,
and some forms of motility.
Transport systems
Mechanisms that allow nutrients and other small molecules to enter the cell.
Facilitated diffusion
Is a form of passive transport, meaning that it does not require energy. Can only move substances down a concentration.
1-1
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
, Chapter 01 - Humans and the Microbial World
Active transport
Moves compounds against a concentration gradient and, therefore, requires energy.
Group translocation
Is a transport process that chemically alters a molecule during its passage through the cytoplasmic membrane.
Peptidoglycan
It is a polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer outside the plasma membrane of most bacteria, forming the
cell wall.
Teichoic acid
Negatively charged chains of a common subunit (either ribitol-phosphate or glycerol-phosphate) to which various sugars and D-alanine are
typically attached.
It is a characteristic of Gram-positive bacteria.
Lipoteichoic acid
Component of the Gram-positive cell wall that is linked to the cytoplasmic membrane.
Outer membrane
A unique lipid bilayer embedded with proteins.
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
Molecule formed by bonding of lipid to polysaccharide; a part of the outer membrane and it is a characteristic of Gram-negative bacteria.
Lipid A
This is the LPS molecule that the body recognizes as the sign of invading Gram-negative bacteria.
O antigen
Is the portion of LPS directed away from the membrane, at the end opposite of lipid A.
Periplasm
The gel-like material that fills the region between the cytoplasmic membrane and the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.
Capsule
A distinct, thick gelatinous material that surrounds some microorganisms. Allows bacteria to adhere to specific surfaces; allows some
organisms to avoid the body's defense system and thus cause disease.
Most are composed of polysaccharides (glycocalyx) that are firmly attached to the cell wall.
Slime layer
Type of glycocalyx that is diffuse and irregular.
Often appears moist and glistening
Glycocalyx
(glyco means "sugar", and calyx means "shell")
Composed of polysaccharides, consist of polypeptides made up of repeating subunits of only one or two amino acids.
Prokaryotic flagella
(singular: flagellum)
Is a small and simple structure made up of identical subunits of protein called flagellin.
It is powered by the proton motive force and rotates in a clockwise or counterclockwise direction. Each flagellum has three parts: basal body,
hook, and filament.
Eukaryotic flagella
Is a large complex structure that depends on ATP for energy and it moves in a whip like manner.
The core is a bundle of nine pairs of microtubules surrounding two central pairs of microtubules (9+2 arrangement); each microtubule is
composed of the protein tubulin.
Prokaryotic chromosome
Is typically a single, circular double-stranded DNA molecule that contains all the genetic information required by a prokaryotic cell.
Plasmid
Small extrachromosomal circular DNA molecule that replicates independently of the chromosome; often codes for antibiotic resistance.
Prokaryotic ribosome
Complex of proteins and RNA that is essential for protein synthesis. Prokaryotic ribosomes are 70S and are composed of a 30S and a 50S
subunit.
Bacterial iclusions
Are distinct granules that may occupy a substantial part of the cytoplasm. Inclusions accumulate when a cell is grown in the presence of
excess nutrients, such as glycogen and magnetites.
Gas Vesicles
Small, rigid, protein bound compartments that provide buoyancy to the cell.
Sporulation
Is a complex sequence of changes that begin when spore-forming bacteria experience limiting amounts of carbon or nitrogen. It's an 8-hour
sporulation process when it is triggered.
It is not a means of cell reproduction.
Germination
The process by which an endospore or other resisting cell becomes a vegetative cell. Can be triggered by a brief exposure to heat or certain
chemicals and takes 1-2 hours.
Not a means of cell reproduction.
Ligand
1-2
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
