©THESTAR 2024/2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 12:43 PM.
Nurs 2055: Midterm #1 Exam Questions
With Correct Answers 100% Verified.
What is the difference between osmolality and osmolarity? - Answer✔-Often used
interchangeably but have different meanings
-Osmolality is done more often
-Osmolality is weight
-Osmolarity is volume
is bicarbonate an anion or a cation? what is the normal serum value? - Answer✔HCO3- = anion
22-26mmol/L
is chloride an anion or a cation? what is the normal serum value? - Answer✔Cl- = anion
98-106mmol/L
is phosphate an anion or a cation? what is the normal serum value? - Answer✔PO43- = anion
0.97-1.45mmol/L
is protein an anion or a cation? what is the normal serum value? - Answer✔anion
64-83g/L
is potassium an anion or a cation? what is the normal serum value? - Answer✔k+ = cation
3.5-5.0mmol/L
is magnesium an anion or a cation? what is the normal serum value? - Answer✔Mg2+ = cation
0.65-1.05mmol/L
is sodium an anion or a cation? what is the normal serum value? - Answer✔Na+ = cations
135-145mmol/L
is calcium (total) an anion or a cation? what is the normal serum value? - Answer✔Ca2+ =
cations
1|Page
, ©THESTAR 2024/2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 12:43 PM.
2.25-2.75mmol/L
hydrostatic pressure - Answer✔the force within a fluid compartment, exerted by water
pressure
osmolality - Answer✔a measure of the total solute concentration per kilogram of solvent
osmolarity - Answer✔a measure of the total solute concentration per litre of solution
osmotic pressure - Answer✔the amount of pressure required to stop the osmotic flow of water
how much does one litre of water weigh? - Answer✔1kg
Intracellular compartment (ICF) - Answer✔-within the cells
-2/3 of body water
extracellular component (ECF) - Answer✔-outside of the cells (interstitial fluid and lymph)
-1/3 of body water
what is the most prevalent cation and anion in the ICF - Answer✔-(most) Prevalent cation is K+.
-Prevalent anion is PO 3-. (phosphate)
what is the most prevalent cation and anion in the ECF - Answer✔-Main cation is Na+.
-Prevalent anion is Cl-.
facilitated diffusion - Answer✔-Movement of molecules from high to low concentration without
energy
-Uses specific carrier molecules to accelerate diffusion
active transport? example? - Answer✔-Process in which molecules move against concentration
gradient (an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration)
-ie. the sodium potassium pump (sodium moves out of cell; potassium moves into cell)
osmosis - Answer✔-Movement of water between two compartments by a membrane
permeable to water but not to solute
-Moves from low solute to high solute concentration
-Requires no energy
if outside the cell is hypotonic then.... - Answer✔If outside of cell is hypotonic this means there
is more solutes in the cell so water will move into the cell and possibly cause it to burst
2|Page
, ©THESTAR 2024/2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 12:43 PM.
if outside the cell is hypertonic then... - Answer✔If outside of the cell is hypertonic this means
there are more solutes outside of the cell and water will move out of the cell causing it to
shrink; has the risk of dying
if outside the cell is isotonic then... - Answer✔nothing will happen because it is balanced
where is the highest hydrostatic pressure? - Answer✔arteries
oncotic pressure - Answer✔-Osmotic pressure exerted by colloids (protein) in solution (Protein
is a major colloid.)
-Proteins can attract water
capillary hydrostatic pressure causes water to... - Answer✔Capillary hydrostatic pressure
Causes water to move OUT of capillaries
plasma oncotic pressure causes water to... - Answer✔Plasma oncotic pressure
Causes movement of fluid INTO the capillaries
interstitial oncotic pressure causes water to... - Answer✔Interstitial oncotic pressure
Causes water to move OUT of capillaries
interstitial hydrostatic pressure causes water to... - Answer✔Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
Causes movement of fluid INTO the capillaries
Plasma-to-interstitial fluid shift results in... - Answer✔Plasma-to-interstitial fluid shift results in
edema (accumulation of fluid in the interstitium; swelling)
first spacing - Answer✔Normal distribution of fluid in ICF and ECF
second spacing - Answer✔Abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid (edema)
Happens often
third spacing - Answer✔-Fluid accumulation in part of body where it is not easily exchanged
with ECF
-Examples include ascites, sequestration of fluid in the abdominal cavity with peritonitis, and
edema related to burns
-Extra water stuck in difficult places will cause extra pressure on our organs
-Can be manually removed
regulation of water balance: hypothalamic regulation - Answer✔-Osmoreceptors (water sensor)
in the hypothalamus sense fluid deficit or increase.
3|Page
Nurs 2055: Midterm #1 Exam Questions
With Correct Answers 100% Verified.
What is the difference between osmolality and osmolarity? - Answer✔-Often used
interchangeably but have different meanings
-Osmolality is done more often
-Osmolality is weight
-Osmolarity is volume
is bicarbonate an anion or a cation? what is the normal serum value? - Answer✔HCO3- = anion
22-26mmol/L
is chloride an anion or a cation? what is the normal serum value? - Answer✔Cl- = anion
98-106mmol/L
is phosphate an anion or a cation? what is the normal serum value? - Answer✔PO43- = anion
0.97-1.45mmol/L
is protein an anion or a cation? what is the normal serum value? - Answer✔anion
64-83g/L
is potassium an anion or a cation? what is the normal serum value? - Answer✔k+ = cation
3.5-5.0mmol/L
is magnesium an anion or a cation? what is the normal serum value? - Answer✔Mg2+ = cation
0.65-1.05mmol/L
is sodium an anion or a cation? what is the normal serum value? - Answer✔Na+ = cations
135-145mmol/L
is calcium (total) an anion or a cation? what is the normal serum value? - Answer✔Ca2+ =
cations
1|Page
, ©THESTAR 2024/2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 12:43 PM.
2.25-2.75mmol/L
hydrostatic pressure - Answer✔the force within a fluid compartment, exerted by water
pressure
osmolality - Answer✔a measure of the total solute concentration per kilogram of solvent
osmolarity - Answer✔a measure of the total solute concentration per litre of solution
osmotic pressure - Answer✔the amount of pressure required to stop the osmotic flow of water
how much does one litre of water weigh? - Answer✔1kg
Intracellular compartment (ICF) - Answer✔-within the cells
-2/3 of body water
extracellular component (ECF) - Answer✔-outside of the cells (interstitial fluid and lymph)
-1/3 of body water
what is the most prevalent cation and anion in the ICF - Answer✔-(most) Prevalent cation is K+.
-Prevalent anion is PO 3-. (phosphate)
what is the most prevalent cation and anion in the ECF - Answer✔-Main cation is Na+.
-Prevalent anion is Cl-.
facilitated diffusion - Answer✔-Movement of molecules from high to low concentration without
energy
-Uses specific carrier molecules to accelerate diffusion
active transport? example? - Answer✔-Process in which molecules move against concentration
gradient (an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration)
-ie. the sodium potassium pump (sodium moves out of cell; potassium moves into cell)
osmosis - Answer✔-Movement of water between two compartments by a membrane
permeable to water but not to solute
-Moves from low solute to high solute concentration
-Requires no energy
if outside the cell is hypotonic then.... - Answer✔If outside of cell is hypotonic this means there
is more solutes in the cell so water will move into the cell and possibly cause it to burst
2|Page
, ©THESTAR 2024/2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 12:43 PM.
if outside the cell is hypertonic then... - Answer✔If outside of the cell is hypertonic this means
there are more solutes outside of the cell and water will move out of the cell causing it to
shrink; has the risk of dying
if outside the cell is isotonic then... - Answer✔nothing will happen because it is balanced
where is the highest hydrostatic pressure? - Answer✔arteries
oncotic pressure - Answer✔-Osmotic pressure exerted by colloids (protein) in solution (Protein
is a major colloid.)
-Proteins can attract water
capillary hydrostatic pressure causes water to... - Answer✔Capillary hydrostatic pressure
Causes water to move OUT of capillaries
plasma oncotic pressure causes water to... - Answer✔Plasma oncotic pressure
Causes movement of fluid INTO the capillaries
interstitial oncotic pressure causes water to... - Answer✔Interstitial oncotic pressure
Causes water to move OUT of capillaries
interstitial hydrostatic pressure causes water to... - Answer✔Interstitial hydrostatic pressure
Causes movement of fluid INTO the capillaries
Plasma-to-interstitial fluid shift results in... - Answer✔Plasma-to-interstitial fluid shift results in
edema (accumulation of fluid in the interstitium; swelling)
first spacing - Answer✔Normal distribution of fluid in ICF and ECF
second spacing - Answer✔Abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid (edema)
Happens often
third spacing - Answer✔-Fluid accumulation in part of body where it is not easily exchanged
with ECF
-Examples include ascites, sequestration of fluid in the abdominal cavity with peritonitis, and
edema related to burns
-Extra water stuck in difficult places will cause extra pressure on our organs
-Can be manually removed
regulation of water balance: hypothalamic regulation - Answer✔-Osmoreceptors (water sensor)
in the hypothalamus sense fluid deficit or increase.
3|Page
