personality exam 1 (CH. 1, 2, 3, 4) questions and
answers
personality - Answers-individual's characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and
behavior, together with the psychological mechanisms— hidden or not—behind those
patterns
.important concepts - Answers-psychological triad, 3 levels of personality analysis, five
different approaches hone in on one level of analysis
.3 levels of personality analysis - Answers-(a) like all other people [human nature], (b)
like some other people [group and individual differences], (c) like no other person
[individual uniqueness]
.human nature - Answers-how we are like ALL other people.
language, social exchange, cooperation, social cognition
.group and individual (trait) differences - Answers-how are we like SOME other people
.individual uniqueness - Answers-how we are like NO other person
.goal of personality psychology - Answers-to explain the whole person
NO BIG THEORY YET
.trait approach - Answers-how people differ psychologically
.biological approach - Answers-understand the mind in terms of the body
.psychoanalytic approach - Answers-unconscious mind and internal mental conflict
.phenomenological approach - Answers-focus on the conscious experience
.learning and cognitive approach - Answers-focus on rewards and punishments in the
physical and social world
.self-report data - Answers-S- Data
person's evaluation of his/her own personality
most frequent data source (surveys/questionnaires)
high face validity
.s-data advantages - Answers--based on large amount of info
-access to thoughts, feelings, and intentions
-efficacy expectations
, -simple & easy
.efficacy expectations - Answers--what you believe yourself to be capable of & kind of
person you think you are
.s-data disadvantages - Answers--people wont tell you
-limited imperfect memory
-lack of self-insight
-too easy
-active memory distortion
.informant report - Answers-I-Data
-judgments by knowledgeable informants about general attributes of the individual's
personality
-acquaintances, coworkers
-observing people in whatever context they know them from
-frequent in daily life
.advantages of I-data - Answers--based on large amount of information
-observation of people in real world
-based on common sense of what behaviors mean
-definitional truth
-reputation affects opportunities and expectancies
.disadvantages of i-data - Answers--limited behavioral information
-lack of access to private experiences
-more likely to remember extreme behaviors
-bias: due to personal issues or prejudice
.life outcome data - Answers-L-Data
-Verifiable, concrete, real-life outcomes that may hold psychological significance
-obtained through archival records or self-report
-results/residue of personality
.advantages of L-data - Answers--objective and verifiable
-intrinsic importance
-psychological relevance
.disadvantages of L-data - Answers-multidetermination
.observational data - Answers-(behavioral) B-data
-info carefully & systematically recorded via direct observation
.natural B-Data - Answers--based on real life
-diary and experience sampling methods
-acquaintance reports
answers
personality - Answers-individual's characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and
behavior, together with the psychological mechanisms— hidden or not—behind those
patterns
.important concepts - Answers-psychological triad, 3 levels of personality analysis, five
different approaches hone in on one level of analysis
.3 levels of personality analysis - Answers-(a) like all other people [human nature], (b)
like some other people [group and individual differences], (c) like no other person
[individual uniqueness]
.human nature - Answers-how we are like ALL other people.
language, social exchange, cooperation, social cognition
.group and individual (trait) differences - Answers-how are we like SOME other people
.individual uniqueness - Answers-how we are like NO other person
.goal of personality psychology - Answers-to explain the whole person
NO BIG THEORY YET
.trait approach - Answers-how people differ psychologically
.biological approach - Answers-understand the mind in terms of the body
.psychoanalytic approach - Answers-unconscious mind and internal mental conflict
.phenomenological approach - Answers-focus on the conscious experience
.learning and cognitive approach - Answers-focus on rewards and punishments in the
physical and social world
.self-report data - Answers-S- Data
person's evaluation of his/her own personality
most frequent data source (surveys/questionnaires)
high face validity
.s-data advantages - Answers--based on large amount of info
-access to thoughts, feelings, and intentions
-efficacy expectations
, -simple & easy
.efficacy expectations - Answers--what you believe yourself to be capable of & kind of
person you think you are
.s-data disadvantages - Answers--people wont tell you
-limited imperfect memory
-lack of self-insight
-too easy
-active memory distortion
.informant report - Answers-I-Data
-judgments by knowledgeable informants about general attributes of the individual's
personality
-acquaintances, coworkers
-observing people in whatever context they know them from
-frequent in daily life
.advantages of I-data - Answers--based on large amount of information
-observation of people in real world
-based on common sense of what behaviors mean
-definitional truth
-reputation affects opportunities and expectancies
.disadvantages of i-data - Answers--limited behavioral information
-lack of access to private experiences
-more likely to remember extreme behaviors
-bias: due to personal issues or prejudice
.life outcome data - Answers-L-Data
-Verifiable, concrete, real-life outcomes that may hold psychological significance
-obtained through archival records or self-report
-results/residue of personality
.advantages of L-data - Answers--objective and verifiable
-intrinsic importance
-psychological relevance
.disadvantages of L-data - Answers-multidetermination
.observational data - Answers-(behavioral) B-data
-info carefully & systematically recorded via direct observation
.natural B-Data - Answers--based on real life
-diary and experience sampling methods
-acquaintance reports
