BIO110 Final Exam 2025 LATEST
UPDATE
What is Light? - ANSWER Ultimate source of energy and information
What do green alga use to gather information - ANSWER Eyespot- Light sensor to
gather info
What is the definition of light? - ANSWER Electromagnetic radiation that humans can
detect with their eyes (400-700nm) also called photons
What is a wavelength? - ANSWER Distance between two successive peaks
What type of relationship is between an energy of photon and wavelength of light? -
ANSWER Inverse relationship, shorter wavelengths reach earths surface and can
cause damage, longer wavelengths do not tend to reach earths surface
What are the three possible fates of a photon of light? - ANSWER Reflected off object
Transmitted through object (colour is the result)
Absorbed by object
What must occur for light energy to be used? - ANSWER Light energy must be
absorbed by molecules called pigments, the energy of photon must MATCH the energy
needed to move an electron to an excited state
What is a conjugated system? - ANSWER Pigments are conjugated systems.
Alternating double/single carbon bonds
Delocalization of electrons
What is a photoreceptor? - ANSWER Fundamental light-sensing system
What is rodopsin? - ANSWER Most common photoreceptor in nature, key component of
the eye that consists of a protein (opsin) that binds a pigment molecule (retinal)
What is phototaxis? - ANSWER movement in response to light
What is photomorphogenesis? - ANSWER The normal developmental process activated
when seedlings are exposed to light
Photochrome is photoreceptor in plants
What distinguishes the eye of a simple invertebrate from the eyespot of the green
algae? - ANSWER The eye is the organ animals use to sense light, and vision requires
a brain to interpret signals sent from the eye
, What is the Ocellus of a flatworm? - ANSWER The simplest eye
Lined with up to 100 photoreceptor cells
What is a compound eye? - ANSWER Eye that has several thousand light detectors;
brain receives a mosaic image of the world making them extraordinarily good at
detecting movement
Evolution of essential cell features - ANSWER 1.Membrane-defined compartment
2.System to store genetic info and use it to guide the synthesis of specific proteins
3.Energy-transforming pathways to bring in energy from surroundings and harness it
What are protobionts? - ANSWER collections of abiotically produced molecules
surrounded by a membrane-like structure
What is transcription? what is translation? - ANSWER The process of making RNA from
DNA
Protein synthesis
What are the differences between DNA and RNA? - ANSWER DNA is a long polymer
with deoxyriboses and phosphate backbone. Having four different nitrogenous bases:
adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. RNA is a polymer with a ribose and phosphate
backbone. Four different nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil.
What is the RNA world hypothesis? - ANSWER The hypothesis that RNA was the first
nucleic acid to evolve and early life was based on RNA rather than DNA or proteins
What are heterotrophs? - ANSWER Organisms that obtain carbon from organic
molecules (humans)
What are autotrophs? - ANSWER Organisms that obtain carbon from inorganic forms of
carbon
What is the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes? - ANSWER Eukaryotes
DNA and cytoplasm are separated by nuclear envelope, and have membrane-bound
compartments
What is the theory of endosymbiosis? - ANSWER Chloroplasts and mitochondria were
thought to have been derived from free-living prokaryotic cells
What is multicellularity? - ANSWER The capacity to make multiple types of cells that
carry out specialized functions
Appeared approx. 1.2 BYA
What are stromatolites? - ANSWER Layered rock formed when microorganisms bind
particles of sediment together forming thin sheets
UPDATE
What is Light? - ANSWER Ultimate source of energy and information
What do green alga use to gather information - ANSWER Eyespot- Light sensor to
gather info
What is the definition of light? - ANSWER Electromagnetic radiation that humans can
detect with their eyes (400-700nm) also called photons
What is a wavelength? - ANSWER Distance between two successive peaks
What type of relationship is between an energy of photon and wavelength of light? -
ANSWER Inverse relationship, shorter wavelengths reach earths surface and can
cause damage, longer wavelengths do not tend to reach earths surface
What are the three possible fates of a photon of light? - ANSWER Reflected off object
Transmitted through object (colour is the result)
Absorbed by object
What must occur for light energy to be used? - ANSWER Light energy must be
absorbed by molecules called pigments, the energy of photon must MATCH the energy
needed to move an electron to an excited state
What is a conjugated system? - ANSWER Pigments are conjugated systems.
Alternating double/single carbon bonds
Delocalization of electrons
What is a photoreceptor? - ANSWER Fundamental light-sensing system
What is rodopsin? - ANSWER Most common photoreceptor in nature, key component of
the eye that consists of a protein (opsin) that binds a pigment molecule (retinal)
What is phototaxis? - ANSWER movement in response to light
What is photomorphogenesis? - ANSWER The normal developmental process activated
when seedlings are exposed to light
Photochrome is photoreceptor in plants
What distinguishes the eye of a simple invertebrate from the eyespot of the green
algae? - ANSWER The eye is the organ animals use to sense light, and vision requires
a brain to interpret signals sent from the eye
, What is the Ocellus of a flatworm? - ANSWER The simplest eye
Lined with up to 100 photoreceptor cells
What is a compound eye? - ANSWER Eye that has several thousand light detectors;
brain receives a mosaic image of the world making them extraordinarily good at
detecting movement
Evolution of essential cell features - ANSWER 1.Membrane-defined compartment
2.System to store genetic info and use it to guide the synthesis of specific proteins
3.Energy-transforming pathways to bring in energy from surroundings and harness it
What are protobionts? - ANSWER collections of abiotically produced molecules
surrounded by a membrane-like structure
What is transcription? what is translation? - ANSWER The process of making RNA from
DNA
Protein synthesis
What are the differences between DNA and RNA? - ANSWER DNA is a long polymer
with deoxyriboses and phosphate backbone. Having four different nitrogenous bases:
adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. RNA is a polymer with a ribose and phosphate
backbone. Four different nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil.
What is the RNA world hypothesis? - ANSWER The hypothesis that RNA was the first
nucleic acid to evolve and early life was based on RNA rather than DNA or proteins
What are heterotrophs? - ANSWER Organisms that obtain carbon from organic
molecules (humans)
What are autotrophs? - ANSWER Organisms that obtain carbon from inorganic forms of
carbon
What is the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes? - ANSWER Eukaryotes
DNA and cytoplasm are separated by nuclear envelope, and have membrane-bound
compartments
What is the theory of endosymbiosis? - ANSWER Chloroplasts and mitochondria were
thought to have been derived from free-living prokaryotic cells
What is multicellularity? - ANSWER The capacity to make multiple types of cells that
carry out specialized functions
Appeared approx. 1.2 BYA
What are stromatolites? - ANSWER Layered rock formed when microorganisms bind
particles of sediment together forming thin sheets
