IntroductionExams serve as a fundamental tool in evaluating a student's understanding of a subject, particularly in fields as diverse as business, law, and mathematics. These disciplines not only have
distinct areas of focus but also require unique approaches to assessment, with each exam testing different cognitive abilities, analytical skills, and subject-specific knowledge. In this essay, we will
explore the nature of exams in business, law, and mathematics, their format, and how they evaluate students’ comprehension and application of core concepts. We will also discuss the similarities and
differences in these exams and how they prepare students for their respective careers.________________________________________1. Business Exams1.1. Overview of Business EducationBusiness
education prepares students for leadership and management roles in various industries. It focuses on critical thinking, decision-making, problem-solving, and understanding organizational processes. A
typical business program might cover topics like accounting, finance, marketing, management, economics, entrepreneurship, and international business.1.2. Structure of Business ExamsBusiness exams
are often a mix of theoretical knowledge and practical application. Depending on the subject area, these exams can vary significantly in format. Common types of business exams include:Multiple Choice
Questions (MCQs): These are frequently used to assess students’ understanding of business terminology, theories, and principles.Case Studies: A staple of business exams, case studies present students
with real-world business scenarios and ask them to apply their knowledge to solve complex problems. Case studies evaluate students' ability to think critically and make strategic decisions.Essay/Short
Answer Questions: These types of questions test the student’s ability to explain and analyze business concepts in a detailed and coherent manner.1.3. Skills Tested in Business ExamsCritical Thinking and
Problem-Solving: Business exams often include case studies that
Solution Manual For
The Science and Engineering of Materials 8th Edition by Donald R. Askeland, Benjamin Wheatley,
Wendelin J. Wright
Chapter 1-23
Chapter 1: Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering
1-1 Define materials science and engineering (MSE).
Solution:
Materials science and engineering (MSE) is an interdisciplinary field that studies and
manipulates the composition and structure of materials across length scales to control
materials properties through synthesis and processing.
1-2 What is the importance of the engineering tetrahedron for materials engineers?
Solution:
Structure, properties and performance all depend on the route in which a material is
processed. We cannot predict the end properties for a material until we have specified a
process to produce the component. Using the same material, but changing the way it is
processed will result in different structure, properties and performance of that material.
This is applicable to all material systems.
1-3 Define the following terms:
(a) composition;
(b) structure;
(c) synthesis;
(d) processing; and
(e) microstructure.
Solution:
(a) The chemical make-up of a material.
(b) The arrangement of atoms, seen at different levels of detail.
(c) How materials are made from naturally occurring or man-made chemicals.
(d) How materials are shaped into useful components.
(e) The structure of an object at the microscopic scale.
1
,1-4 Explain the difference between the terms materials science and materials engineering.
Solution:
Materials scientists work on understanding underlying relationships between the
synthesis and processing, structure, and properties of materials. Materials engineers
focus on how to translate or transform materials into useful devices or structures.
1-5 The myriad materials in the world primarily fall into four basic categories; what are
they? What are materials called that have one or more different types of material
fabricated into one component? Give one example.
IntroductionExams serve as a fundamental tool in evaluating a student's understanding of a subject, particularly in fields as diverse as business, law,
and mathematics. These disciplines not only have distinct areas of focus but also require unique approaches to assessment, with each exam testing
different cognitive abilities, analytical skills, and subject-specific knowledge. In this essay, we will explore the nature of exams in business, law, and
mathematics, their format, and how they evaluate students’ comprehension and application of core concepts. We will also discuss the similarities and
differences in these exams and how they prepare students for their respective careers.________________________________________1. Business
Exams1.1. Overview of Business EducationBusiness education prepares students for leadership and management roles in various industries. It focuses
on critical thinking, decision-making, problem-solving, and understanding organizational processes. A typical business program might cover topics like
accounting, finance, marketing, management, economics, entrepreneurship, and international business.1.2. Structure of Business ExamsBusiness
exams are often a mix of theoretical knowledge and practical application. Depending on the subject area, these exams can vary significantly in format.
Common types of business exams include:Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs): These are frequently used to assess students’ understanding of business
terminology, theories, and principles.Case Studies: A staple of business exams, case studies present students with real-world business scenarios and ask
them to apply their knowledge to solve complex problems. Case studies evaluate students' ability to think critically and make strategic
decisions.Essay/Short Answer Questions: These types of questions test the student’s ability to explain and analyze business concepts in a detailed and
coherent manner.1.3. Skills Tested in Business ExamsCritical Thinking and Problem-Solving: Business exams often include case studies that
Solution:
Metals, polymers and ceramics. The addition of one or more of these to a single system
is called a composite. An example of a composite material is fiberglass.
1-6 What are some of the materials and mechanical properties of metals and alloys?
Solution:
Metals and alloys have good electrical and thermal conductivity, high strength, ductility
and formability, and high stiffness.
1-7 What is a ceramic, and what are some of the properties that you expect from a ceramic?
Solution:
Ceramics tend to have very high compressive strengths, but behave in a brittle (glass-
like) manner. They have very high melting temperatures. Poor thermal conductivity and
electrical conductivity make ceramics behave as an insulator instead of a conductor.
1-8 Make comparisons between thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers (a) on the basis
of mechanical characteristics upon heating, and (b) according to possible molecular
structures.
Solution:
Thermoplastics tend to soften with elevated temperature exposure with gradually
decreasing viscosity. Thermosetting polymers do not soften with elevated temperature
exposure; instead they will remain hard and will degrade, possibly charring with
prolonged exposure.
2
, Thermoplastics consist of long chain molecular arrangements of covalently bonded
carbon atoms with various side groups. Thermosetting polymers tend to be a complex 3-
D arrangement usually deviating from the clearly defined long-chain molecular
arrangement.
1-9 Give three examples of composites that can be fabricated.
Solution:
Metal matrix composites (MMC) – A metal matrix reinforced with a ceramic material in
the form of particles, whiskers or fibers. Example: Cobalt alloy reinforced with tungsten-
carbide particulates.
Polymer matrix composites (PMC) – A polymer matrix reinforced with a ceramic
material in the form of whiskers or fibers. Example: Kevlar or fiberglass.
Ceramic matrix composites (CMC) – A ceramic matrix reinforced with ceramic or
metallic material in the form of whiskers or fibers. Example: Carbon fibers in an alumina
(Al2O3) matrix.
IntroductionExams serve as a fundamental tool in evaluating a student's understanding of a subject, particularly in fields as diverse as business, law, and mathematics. These
disciplines not only have distinct areas of focus but also require unique approaches to assessment, with each exam testing different cognitive abilities, analytical skills, and subject-
specific knowledge. In this essay, we will explore the nature of exams in business, law, and mathematics, their format, and how they evaluate students’ comprehension and
application of core concepts. We will also discuss the similarities and differences in these exams and how they prepare students for their respective
careers.________________________________________1. Business Exams1.1. Overview of Business EducationBusiness education prepares students for leadership and management
roles in various industries. It focuses on critical thinking, decision-making, problem-solving, and understanding organizational processes. A typical business program might cover topics
like accounting, finance, marketing, management, economics, entrepreneurship, and international business.1.2. Structure of Business ExamsBusiness exams are often a mix of
theoretical knowledge and practical application. Depending on the subject area, these exams can vary significantly in format. Common types of business exams include:Multiple
Choice Questions (MCQs): These are frequently used to assess students’ understanding of business terminology, theories, and principles.Case Studies: A staple of business exams, case
studies present students with real-world business scenarios and ask them to apply their knowledge to solve complex problems. Case studies evaluate students' ability to think critically
and make strategic decisions.Essay/Short Answer Questions: These types of questions test the student’s ability to explain and analyze business concepts in a detailed and coherent
manner.1.3. Skills Tested in Business ExamsCritical Thinking and Problem-Solving: Business exams often include case studies that
1-10 For each of the following classes of materials, give two specific examples that are a
regular part of your life:
(a) metals;
(b) ceramics;
(c) polymers; and
(d) semiconductors.
Specify the object that each material is found in and explain why the material is used in
each specific application. Hint: One example answer for part (a) would be that
aluminum is a metal used in the base of some pots and pans for even heat distribution.
It is also a lightweight metal that makes it useful in kitchen cookware. Note that in this
partial answer to part (a), a specific metal is described for a specific application.
Solution:
(a) Aluminum was described in the problem statement. Stainless steel is used for
flatware. It is easily formed and has good corrosion resistance, strength, and hardness.
(b) Two specific examples of polymers are polystyrene and polytetrafluoroethylene also
known as Teflon. Styrofoam is polystyrene rigid foam insulation that is used for cups
that keep hot drinks warm. Teflon is used as a coating on the inside of kitchen cookware
such as frying pans because it prevents food from sticking to the pan while cooking.
3
, (c) Two examples of semiconductors are silicon doped with phosphorus (n–type) and
silicon doped with boron (p–type). Both types of impurities convert silicon from a poor
into a useful conductor. Both n and p–type semiconductors are contained in the
semiconductor device called a diode, so that at the junction between both types,
current is able to flow. A diode blocks current in one direction while allowing current
flow in the other direction. A device that uses batteries, e.g. a remote control or a
calculator, often contains a diode that protects the device if the batteries are inserted
backward. The diode blocks the current from leaving the battery if it is reversed,
protecting the sensitive electronics in the device. Another semiconductor is the
compound semiconductor AlxGa1-xAs, which is used in lasers.
IntroductionExams serve as a fundamental tool in evaluating a student's understanding of a subject, particularly in fields as diverse as business, law, and
mathematics. These disciplines not only have distinct areas of focus but also require unique approaches to assessment, with each exam testing different
cognitive abilities, analytical skills, and subject-specific knowledge. In this essay, we will explore the nature of exams in business, law, and mathematics, their
format, and how they evaluate students’ comprehension and application of core concepts. We will also discuss the similarities and differences in these exams
and how they prepare students for their respective careers.________________________________________1. Business Exams1.1. Overview of Business
EducationBusiness education prepares students for leadership and management roles in various industries. It focuses on critical thinking, decision-making,
problem-solving, and understanding organizational processes. A typical business program might cover topics like accounting, finance, marketing,
management, economics, entrepreneurship, and international business.1.2. Structure of Business ExamsBusiness exams are often a mix of theoretical
knowledge and practical application. Depending on the subject area, these exams can vary significantly in format. Common types of business exams
include:Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs): These are frequently used to assess students’ understanding of business terminology, theories, and principles.Case
Studies: A staple of business exams, case studies present students with real-world business scenarios and ask them to apply their knowledge to solve complex
problems. Case studies evaluate students' ability to think critically and make strategic decisions.Essay/Short Answer Questions: These types of questions test
the student’s ability to explain and analyze business concepts in a detailed and coherent manner.1.3. Skills Tested in Business ExamsCritical Thinking and
Problem-Solving: Business exams often include case studies that
(d) Ceramics are compounds that contain metallic and nonmetallic elements. Two
specific examples are tungsten carbide and magnesia. Tungsten carbide is often bonded
with cobalt and/or nickel. Tungsten carbide is used mainly in tips for metal cutting tools
(knives can be made with this) because of its good wear resistant characteristics.
Magnesia is a heat resistant ceramic that is used in liners for ovens. Magnesia can resist
high temperatures but is susceptible to thermal stress cracking.
1-11 Describe the enabling materials property of each of the following and why it is so:
(a) steel for I-beams in skyscrapers;
(b) a cobalt chrome molybdenum alloy for hip implants;
(c) polycarbonate for eyeglass lenses; and
(d) bronze for artistic castings.
Solution:
(a) Steel for I-beams in skyscrapers must be strong in order to bear large mechanical
loads.
(b) A cobalt chrome molybdenum alloy for hip implants must be biocompatible,
meaning that it must not degrade when inserted into the body nor be toxic or otherwise
dangerous.
(c) Polycarbonate for eyeglass lenses must be transparent and impact-resistant.
(d) Bronze can be melted and poured into molds to be shaped. It is also fairly corrosion
resistant (which is important for outdoor sculptures). Over long periods of time when
subjected to an outdoor environment, bronze will develop an oxide known as a patina.
The patina protects the bronze from further corrosion.
4
distinct areas of focus but also require unique approaches to assessment, with each exam testing different cognitive abilities, analytical skills, and subject-specific knowledge. In this essay, we will
explore the nature of exams in business, law, and mathematics, their format, and how they evaluate students’ comprehension and application of core concepts. We will also discuss the similarities and
differences in these exams and how they prepare students for their respective careers.________________________________________1. Business Exams1.1. Overview of Business EducationBusiness
education prepares students for leadership and management roles in various industries. It focuses on critical thinking, decision-making, problem-solving, and understanding organizational processes. A
typical business program might cover topics like accounting, finance, marketing, management, economics, entrepreneurship, and international business.1.2. Structure of Business ExamsBusiness exams
are often a mix of theoretical knowledge and practical application. Depending on the subject area, these exams can vary significantly in format. Common types of business exams include:Multiple Choice
Questions (MCQs): These are frequently used to assess students’ understanding of business terminology, theories, and principles.Case Studies: A staple of business exams, case studies present students
with real-world business scenarios and ask them to apply their knowledge to solve complex problems. Case studies evaluate students' ability to think critically and make strategic decisions.Essay/Short
Answer Questions: These types of questions test the student’s ability to explain and analyze business concepts in a detailed and coherent manner.1.3. Skills Tested in Business ExamsCritical Thinking and
Problem-Solving: Business exams often include case studies that
Solution Manual For
The Science and Engineering of Materials 8th Edition by Donald R. Askeland, Benjamin Wheatley,
Wendelin J. Wright
Chapter 1-23
Chapter 1: Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering
1-1 Define materials science and engineering (MSE).
Solution:
Materials science and engineering (MSE) is an interdisciplinary field that studies and
manipulates the composition and structure of materials across length scales to control
materials properties through synthesis and processing.
1-2 What is the importance of the engineering tetrahedron for materials engineers?
Solution:
Structure, properties and performance all depend on the route in which a material is
processed. We cannot predict the end properties for a material until we have specified a
process to produce the component. Using the same material, but changing the way it is
processed will result in different structure, properties and performance of that material.
This is applicable to all material systems.
1-3 Define the following terms:
(a) composition;
(b) structure;
(c) synthesis;
(d) processing; and
(e) microstructure.
Solution:
(a) The chemical make-up of a material.
(b) The arrangement of atoms, seen at different levels of detail.
(c) How materials are made from naturally occurring or man-made chemicals.
(d) How materials are shaped into useful components.
(e) The structure of an object at the microscopic scale.
1
,1-4 Explain the difference between the terms materials science and materials engineering.
Solution:
Materials scientists work on understanding underlying relationships between the
synthesis and processing, structure, and properties of materials. Materials engineers
focus on how to translate or transform materials into useful devices or structures.
1-5 The myriad materials in the world primarily fall into four basic categories; what are
they? What are materials called that have one or more different types of material
fabricated into one component? Give one example.
IntroductionExams serve as a fundamental tool in evaluating a student's understanding of a subject, particularly in fields as diverse as business, law,
and mathematics. These disciplines not only have distinct areas of focus but also require unique approaches to assessment, with each exam testing
different cognitive abilities, analytical skills, and subject-specific knowledge. In this essay, we will explore the nature of exams in business, law, and
mathematics, their format, and how they evaluate students’ comprehension and application of core concepts. We will also discuss the similarities and
differences in these exams and how they prepare students for their respective careers.________________________________________1. Business
Exams1.1. Overview of Business EducationBusiness education prepares students for leadership and management roles in various industries. It focuses
on critical thinking, decision-making, problem-solving, and understanding organizational processes. A typical business program might cover topics like
accounting, finance, marketing, management, economics, entrepreneurship, and international business.1.2. Structure of Business ExamsBusiness
exams are often a mix of theoretical knowledge and practical application. Depending on the subject area, these exams can vary significantly in format.
Common types of business exams include:Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs): These are frequently used to assess students’ understanding of business
terminology, theories, and principles.Case Studies: A staple of business exams, case studies present students with real-world business scenarios and ask
them to apply their knowledge to solve complex problems. Case studies evaluate students' ability to think critically and make strategic
decisions.Essay/Short Answer Questions: These types of questions test the student’s ability to explain and analyze business concepts in a detailed and
coherent manner.1.3. Skills Tested in Business ExamsCritical Thinking and Problem-Solving: Business exams often include case studies that
Solution:
Metals, polymers and ceramics. The addition of one or more of these to a single system
is called a composite. An example of a composite material is fiberglass.
1-6 What are some of the materials and mechanical properties of metals and alloys?
Solution:
Metals and alloys have good electrical and thermal conductivity, high strength, ductility
and formability, and high stiffness.
1-7 What is a ceramic, and what are some of the properties that you expect from a ceramic?
Solution:
Ceramics tend to have very high compressive strengths, but behave in a brittle (glass-
like) manner. They have very high melting temperatures. Poor thermal conductivity and
electrical conductivity make ceramics behave as an insulator instead of a conductor.
1-8 Make comparisons between thermoplastics and thermosetting polymers (a) on the basis
of mechanical characteristics upon heating, and (b) according to possible molecular
structures.
Solution:
Thermoplastics tend to soften with elevated temperature exposure with gradually
decreasing viscosity. Thermosetting polymers do not soften with elevated temperature
exposure; instead they will remain hard and will degrade, possibly charring with
prolonged exposure.
2
, Thermoplastics consist of long chain molecular arrangements of covalently bonded
carbon atoms with various side groups. Thermosetting polymers tend to be a complex 3-
D arrangement usually deviating from the clearly defined long-chain molecular
arrangement.
1-9 Give three examples of composites that can be fabricated.
Solution:
Metal matrix composites (MMC) – A metal matrix reinforced with a ceramic material in
the form of particles, whiskers or fibers. Example: Cobalt alloy reinforced with tungsten-
carbide particulates.
Polymer matrix composites (PMC) – A polymer matrix reinforced with a ceramic
material in the form of whiskers or fibers. Example: Kevlar or fiberglass.
Ceramic matrix composites (CMC) – A ceramic matrix reinforced with ceramic or
metallic material in the form of whiskers or fibers. Example: Carbon fibers in an alumina
(Al2O3) matrix.
IntroductionExams serve as a fundamental tool in evaluating a student's understanding of a subject, particularly in fields as diverse as business, law, and mathematics. These
disciplines not only have distinct areas of focus but also require unique approaches to assessment, with each exam testing different cognitive abilities, analytical skills, and subject-
specific knowledge. In this essay, we will explore the nature of exams in business, law, and mathematics, their format, and how they evaluate students’ comprehension and
application of core concepts. We will also discuss the similarities and differences in these exams and how they prepare students for their respective
careers.________________________________________1. Business Exams1.1. Overview of Business EducationBusiness education prepares students for leadership and management
roles in various industries. It focuses on critical thinking, decision-making, problem-solving, and understanding organizational processes. A typical business program might cover topics
like accounting, finance, marketing, management, economics, entrepreneurship, and international business.1.2. Structure of Business ExamsBusiness exams are often a mix of
theoretical knowledge and practical application. Depending on the subject area, these exams can vary significantly in format. Common types of business exams include:Multiple
Choice Questions (MCQs): These are frequently used to assess students’ understanding of business terminology, theories, and principles.Case Studies: A staple of business exams, case
studies present students with real-world business scenarios and ask them to apply their knowledge to solve complex problems. Case studies evaluate students' ability to think critically
and make strategic decisions.Essay/Short Answer Questions: These types of questions test the student’s ability to explain and analyze business concepts in a detailed and coherent
manner.1.3. Skills Tested in Business ExamsCritical Thinking and Problem-Solving: Business exams often include case studies that
1-10 For each of the following classes of materials, give two specific examples that are a
regular part of your life:
(a) metals;
(b) ceramics;
(c) polymers; and
(d) semiconductors.
Specify the object that each material is found in and explain why the material is used in
each specific application. Hint: One example answer for part (a) would be that
aluminum is a metal used in the base of some pots and pans for even heat distribution.
It is also a lightweight metal that makes it useful in kitchen cookware. Note that in this
partial answer to part (a), a specific metal is described for a specific application.
Solution:
(a) Aluminum was described in the problem statement. Stainless steel is used for
flatware. It is easily formed and has good corrosion resistance, strength, and hardness.
(b) Two specific examples of polymers are polystyrene and polytetrafluoroethylene also
known as Teflon. Styrofoam is polystyrene rigid foam insulation that is used for cups
that keep hot drinks warm. Teflon is used as a coating on the inside of kitchen cookware
such as frying pans because it prevents food from sticking to the pan while cooking.
3
, (c) Two examples of semiconductors are silicon doped with phosphorus (n–type) and
silicon doped with boron (p–type). Both types of impurities convert silicon from a poor
into a useful conductor. Both n and p–type semiconductors are contained in the
semiconductor device called a diode, so that at the junction between both types,
current is able to flow. A diode blocks current in one direction while allowing current
flow in the other direction. A device that uses batteries, e.g. a remote control or a
calculator, often contains a diode that protects the device if the batteries are inserted
backward. The diode blocks the current from leaving the battery if it is reversed,
protecting the sensitive electronics in the device. Another semiconductor is the
compound semiconductor AlxGa1-xAs, which is used in lasers.
IntroductionExams serve as a fundamental tool in evaluating a student's understanding of a subject, particularly in fields as diverse as business, law, and
mathematics. These disciplines not only have distinct areas of focus but also require unique approaches to assessment, with each exam testing different
cognitive abilities, analytical skills, and subject-specific knowledge. In this essay, we will explore the nature of exams in business, law, and mathematics, their
format, and how they evaluate students’ comprehension and application of core concepts. We will also discuss the similarities and differences in these exams
and how they prepare students for their respective careers.________________________________________1. Business Exams1.1. Overview of Business
EducationBusiness education prepares students for leadership and management roles in various industries. It focuses on critical thinking, decision-making,
problem-solving, and understanding organizational processes. A typical business program might cover topics like accounting, finance, marketing,
management, economics, entrepreneurship, and international business.1.2. Structure of Business ExamsBusiness exams are often a mix of theoretical
knowledge and practical application. Depending on the subject area, these exams can vary significantly in format. Common types of business exams
include:Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs): These are frequently used to assess students’ understanding of business terminology, theories, and principles.Case
Studies: A staple of business exams, case studies present students with real-world business scenarios and ask them to apply their knowledge to solve complex
problems. Case studies evaluate students' ability to think critically and make strategic decisions.Essay/Short Answer Questions: These types of questions test
the student’s ability to explain and analyze business concepts in a detailed and coherent manner.1.3. Skills Tested in Business ExamsCritical Thinking and
Problem-Solving: Business exams often include case studies that
(d) Ceramics are compounds that contain metallic and nonmetallic elements. Two
specific examples are tungsten carbide and magnesia. Tungsten carbide is often bonded
with cobalt and/or nickel. Tungsten carbide is used mainly in tips for metal cutting tools
(knives can be made with this) because of its good wear resistant characteristics.
Magnesia is a heat resistant ceramic that is used in liners for ovens. Magnesia can resist
high temperatures but is susceptible to thermal stress cracking.
1-11 Describe the enabling materials property of each of the following and why it is so:
(a) steel for I-beams in skyscrapers;
(b) a cobalt chrome molybdenum alloy for hip implants;
(c) polycarbonate for eyeglass lenses; and
(d) bronze for artistic castings.
Solution:
(a) Steel for I-beams in skyscrapers must be strong in order to bear large mechanical
loads.
(b) A cobalt chrome molybdenum alloy for hip implants must be biocompatible,
meaning that it must not degrade when inserted into the body nor be toxic or otherwise
dangerous.
(c) Polycarbonate for eyeglass lenses must be transparent and impact-resistant.
(d) Bronze can be melted and poured into molds to be shaped. It is also fairly corrosion
resistant (which is important for outdoor sculptures). Over long periods of time when
subjected to an outdoor environment, bronze will develop an oxide known as a patina.
The patina protects the bronze from further corrosion.
4
