HNF 150 EXAM 2
VITAMINS ONLY fully
solved & verified for
accuracy(guaranteed
pass)
List the fat soluble and water soluble vitamins, and compare and
contrast how the solubility affects the absorption, transport,
storage, toxicity, and excretion of each type. Know generalities for
fat versus water soluble vitamins, not specifics for each vitamin. -
answer 1. *Fat Soluble*: Vitamin A, D, E, K
Need more periodically
Found in fats and oils of foods - require *bile* for absorption
-*More likely to be toxic than water soluble ones* ; toxicity usually
from high-dose supplements, rarely from food (exception: *K* is
rarely toxic, but if we eat too much we can get very sick and die)
-Digestion similar to dietary fat - Bile and pancreatic enzymes,
Absorbed in micelles in SI, *Packed for transport through lymphatic
system*, *Carried by chylomicrons and other blood lipoproteins to
liver where repackaged for release into blood in the liver*
-*Stored in liver & adipose tissues - so not much is excreted*
,2. *Water Soluble*: B Vitamins, Vitamin C, and Choline
*Need in excessive amounts*
-Digestion & Absorption:
--*Digestion*: cleave from protein in stomach
--*Travel* through the body on their own freely through watery body
fluids
--*Absorbed* from small intestine to blood
-Storage in body tissues is minimal (Except B12 & B6) - so more is
excreted
-Seldom reach toxic levels (except B6) -- *excess is excreted in the
urine (except b12 and b6)*
Recall how vitamin recommendations are determined. - answer
Balance studies; how much comes in and how much goes out
(variation in people)
based on healthy people
RDAs are set where 98% of population meets requirements
Main Functions/Roles of *Vitamin D* in the body - answer -*Calcium
absorption and regulation in blood, Phosphorus regulation, Bone
Metabolism assistance (& teeth)*
-Vit D is a *steroid hormone* that regulates blood calcium and
phosphorus levels, and bone metabolism
, -*Adequate calcium and phosphorus are needed for vitamin D to
have positive effects on bones*
-Active Vitamin D *raises blood levels* by:
--Increasing calcium and phosphorus absorption from small intestine
**Need Vit D3 to absorb the Ca we eat
--Telling kidney to retain calcium and decrease excretion
--Mobilizing calcium and phosphorus from the bone (bone turnover,
bone resorption)
Main Functions/Roles of *Vitamin K* in the body - answer *K1 =
blood clotting (KOAGULATION)*
*K2 = Calcium, bone and teeth metabolism*
Main Functions/Roles of *Vitamin A* in the body - answer -*Vision* -
maintain clear corneas, combines with opsin to form rhodopsin
which *perceives light at the retina*
-*Cell Differentiation and Gene Expression*
-*Normal growth and development*
-*Immunity*
VITAMINS ONLY fully
solved & verified for
accuracy(guaranteed
pass)
List the fat soluble and water soluble vitamins, and compare and
contrast how the solubility affects the absorption, transport,
storage, toxicity, and excretion of each type. Know generalities for
fat versus water soluble vitamins, not specifics for each vitamin. -
answer 1. *Fat Soluble*: Vitamin A, D, E, K
Need more periodically
Found in fats and oils of foods - require *bile* for absorption
-*More likely to be toxic than water soluble ones* ; toxicity usually
from high-dose supplements, rarely from food (exception: *K* is
rarely toxic, but if we eat too much we can get very sick and die)
-Digestion similar to dietary fat - Bile and pancreatic enzymes,
Absorbed in micelles in SI, *Packed for transport through lymphatic
system*, *Carried by chylomicrons and other blood lipoproteins to
liver where repackaged for release into blood in the liver*
-*Stored in liver & adipose tissues - so not much is excreted*
,2. *Water Soluble*: B Vitamins, Vitamin C, and Choline
*Need in excessive amounts*
-Digestion & Absorption:
--*Digestion*: cleave from protein in stomach
--*Travel* through the body on their own freely through watery body
fluids
--*Absorbed* from small intestine to blood
-Storage in body tissues is minimal (Except B12 & B6) - so more is
excreted
-Seldom reach toxic levels (except B6) -- *excess is excreted in the
urine (except b12 and b6)*
Recall how vitamin recommendations are determined. - answer
Balance studies; how much comes in and how much goes out
(variation in people)
based on healthy people
RDAs are set where 98% of population meets requirements
Main Functions/Roles of *Vitamin D* in the body - answer -*Calcium
absorption and regulation in blood, Phosphorus regulation, Bone
Metabolism assistance (& teeth)*
-Vit D is a *steroid hormone* that regulates blood calcium and
phosphorus levels, and bone metabolism
, -*Adequate calcium and phosphorus are needed for vitamin D to
have positive effects on bones*
-Active Vitamin D *raises blood levels* by:
--Increasing calcium and phosphorus absorption from small intestine
**Need Vit D3 to absorb the Ca we eat
--Telling kidney to retain calcium and decrease excretion
--Mobilizing calcium and phosphorus from the bone (bone turnover,
bone resorption)
Main Functions/Roles of *Vitamin K* in the body - answer *K1 =
blood clotting (KOAGULATION)*
*K2 = Calcium, bone and teeth metabolism*
Main Functions/Roles of *Vitamin A* in the body - answer -*Vision* -
maintain clear corneas, combines with opsin to form rhodopsin
which *perceives light at the retina*
-*Cell Differentiation and Gene Expression*
-*Normal growth and development*
-*Immunity*
