1. What is the 'problem of induction'?
A. A challenge to scientific methodology
B. The question of whether inductive reasoning can justify
knowledge about the future
C. A debate about the validity of moral principles
D. A paradox about infinite regress
Answer: B. The question of whether inductive reasoning can
justify knowledge about the future
Rationale: David Hume raised the problem of induction,
questioning how we can justify using past experiences to predict
future events.
2. What is the central idea of Aristotle's 'Golden Mean'?
A. Excess is virtuous
B. Moderation is the key to virtue
C. Truth is found in extremes
D. Virtue is an innate quality
Answer: B. Moderation is the key to virtue
Rationale: Aristotle’s 'Golden Mean' emphasizes that virtue lies
between extremes of deficiency and excess, advocating balance in
behavior and decisions.
,3. Which philosopher argued for a 'state of nature' as a
precondition for society?
A. Plato
B. Thomas Hobbes
C. Jean-Paul Sartre
D. John Dewey
Answer: B. Thomas Hobbes
Rationale: Hobbes described the 'state of nature' as a pre-social
condition marked by chaos and conflict, necessitating a social
contract for order.
4. Which philosopher is known for the 'veil of ignorance'?
A. Robert Nozick
B. John Rawls
C. Friedrich Hayek
D. Adam Smith
Answer: B. John Rawls
Rationale: The veil of ignorance is a thought experiment in Rawls'
A Theory of Justice, designed to ensure fairness by imagining
decisions made without knowledge of one's societal position.
5. Who is known for the concept of 'the will to power'?
, A. Friedrich Nietzsche
B. Arthur Schopenhauer
C. Søren Kierkegaard
D. Jean-Paul Sartre
Answer: A. Friedrich Nietzsche
Rationale: Nietzsche introduced the concept of 'the will to power,'
describing it as a fundamental driving force in humans, shaping
ambitions, creativity, and growth.
6. What is the 'Socratic method'?
A. A form of teaching by giving direct answers
B. A method of teaching through questioning
C. A style of writing philosophical texts
D. A way of conducting experiments
Answer: B. A method of teaching through questioning
Rationale: The Socratic method involves teaching by asking a
series of questions, encouraging critical thinking and illuminating
ideas.
7. What does 'deontology' focus on in ethics?
A. Outcomes of actions
B. Duty and moral rules
A. A challenge to scientific methodology
B. The question of whether inductive reasoning can justify
knowledge about the future
C. A debate about the validity of moral principles
D. A paradox about infinite regress
Answer: B. The question of whether inductive reasoning can
justify knowledge about the future
Rationale: David Hume raised the problem of induction,
questioning how we can justify using past experiences to predict
future events.
2. What is the central idea of Aristotle's 'Golden Mean'?
A. Excess is virtuous
B. Moderation is the key to virtue
C. Truth is found in extremes
D. Virtue is an innate quality
Answer: B. Moderation is the key to virtue
Rationale: Aristotle’s 'Golden Mean' emphasizes that virtue lies
between extremes of deficiency and excess, advocating balance in
behavior and decisions.
,3. Which philosopher argued for a 'state of nature' as a
precondition for society?
A. Plato
B. Thomas Hobbes
C. Jean-Paul Sartre
D. John Dewey
Answer: B. Thomas Hobbes
Rationale: Hobbes described the 'state of nature' as a pre-social
condition marked by chaos and conflict, necessitating a social
contract for order.
4. Which philosopher is known for the 'veil of ignorance'?
A. Robert Nozick
B. John Rawls
C. Friedrich Hayek
D. Adam Smith
Answer: B. John Rawls
Rationale: The veil of ignorance is a thought experiment in Rawls'
A Theory of Justice, designed to ensure fairness by imagining
decisions made without knowledge of one's societal position.
5. Who is known for the concept of 'the will to power'?
, A. Friedrich Nietzsche
B. Arthur Schopenhauer
C. Søren Kierkegaard
D. Jean-Paul Sartre
Answer: A. Friedrich Nietzsche
Rationale: Nietzsche introduced the concept of 'the will to power,'
describing it as a fundamental driving force in humans, shaping
ambitions, creativity, and growth.
6. What is the 'Socratic method'?
A. A form of teaching by giving direct answers
B. A method of teaching through questioning
C. A style of writing philosophical texts
D. A way of conducting experiments
Answer: B. A method of teaching through questioning
Rationale: The Socratic method involves teaching by asking a
series of questions, encouraging critical thinking and illuminating
ideas.
7. What does 'deontology' focus on in ethics?
A. Outcomes of actions
B. Duty and moral rules
