McCance & HuetHer’s Pathophysiology The Biologic Basis
for Disease in Adults and Children 9th Edition by Julia
Rogers 2025
TEST BANK 2025 ANSWERSHEET QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Chapter 1-49
Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
Rogers: McCance & Huether’s Pathophysiology, 9th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorption?
a. Cells can produce proteins.
b. Cells can secrete digestive enzymes.
c. Cells can take in and use nutrients.
d. Cells can synthesize fats.
ANS: C
In metabolic absorption, all cells take in and use nutrients and other substances from their
surroundings. The remaining options are not inclusive in their descriptions of cellular metabolic
absorption.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
2. Where is most of a cell’s genetic information, including RNA and DNA, contained?
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. Lysosome
ANS: C
The nucleus contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure composed largely of RNA, most of the
cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins, such as the histones, which regulate its activity. The
mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration and energy production.
Ribosomes’ chief function is to provide sites for cellular protein synthesis. Lysosomes function as the
intracellular digestive system.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
3. Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2) by using oxygen to remove hydrogen
atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction?
a. Lysosomes
,McCance & HuetHer’s Pathophysiology The Biologic Basis
for Disease in Adults and Children 9th Edition by Julia
Rogers 2025
b. Peroxisomes
c. Ribosomes
d. Endosome
ANS: B
, McCance & HuetHer’s Pathophysiology The Biologic Basis
for Disease in Adults and Children 9th Edition by Julia
Rogers 2025
Peroxisomes are so named because they usually contain enzymes that use oxygen to remove
hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction that produces H2O2, which is a
powerful oxidant and potentially destructive if it accumulates or escapes from peroxisomes.
Ribosomes are RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the nucleolus and
secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes.
Lysosomes are saclike structures that originate from the Golgi complex and contain more than 40
digestive enzymes called hydrolases, which catalyze bonds in proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and
carbohydrates. An endosome is a vesical that has been pinched off from the cellular membrane.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
4. Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during cell injury?
a. Ribosome
b. Golgi complex
c. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
d. Lysosomes
ANS: D
The lysosomal membrane acts as a protective shield between the powerful digestive enzymes within
the lysosome and the cytoplasm, preventing their leakage into the cytoplasmic matrix. Disruption of
the membrane by various treatments or cellular injury leads to a release of the lysosomal enzymes,
which can then react with their specific substrates, causing cellular self- digestion. The chief
function of a ribosome is to provide sites for cellular protein synthesis. The Golgi complex is a
network of flattened, smooth vesicles and membranes often located near the cell nucleus. The
smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in steroid hormone production and removing toxic
substances from the cell.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
5. Which cAMP-mediated response is related to antidiuretic hormone?
a. Increased heart rate and force of contraction
b. Secretion of cortisol
c. Increased retention of water
d. Breakdown of fat
ANS: C
Antidiuretic hormone leads to increased retention of water in the body. Epinephrine causes increases in
heart rate and force of contraction. Increased cortisol secretion is due to ACTH. Breakdown of fat is due to
glucagon.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
6. During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized?
,McCance & HuetHer’s Pathophysiology The Biologic Basis
for Disease in Adults and Children 9th Edition by Julia
Rogers 2025
a. G1
b. S
c. G2
d. M
ANS: B
, McCance & HuetHer’s Pathophysiology The Biologic Basis
for Disease in Adults and Children 9th Edition by Julia
Rogers 2025
The four designated phases of the cell cycle are: (1) the G 1 phase (G = gap), which is the period
between the M phase (M = mitosis) and the start of DNA synthesis; (2) the S phase (S
= synthesis), during which DNA is synthesized in the cell nucleus; (3) the G2 phase, during which RNA
and protein synthesis occurs, the period between the completion of DNA synthesis and the next phase
(M); and (4) the M phase, which includes nuclear and cytoplasmic division.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
7. What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by acting as receptors,
transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps?
a. Lipids
b. Proteases
c. Proteins
d. Carbohydrates
ANS: C
Proteins have several functions, including acting as receptors, transport channels for electrolytes,
and enzymes to drive active pumps Lipids help act as the ―glue‖ holding cell membranes together.
Proteases cause the breakdown of protein. Carbohydrates are involved in cellular protection and
lubrication and help produce energy via oxidative phosphorylation.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
8. Understanding the various steps of proteolytic cascades may be useful in designing drug therapy for
which human diseases?
a. Cardiac and vascular disorders
b. Autoimmune and malignant disorders
c. Gastrointestinal and renal disorders
d. Endocrine and gastrointestinal disorders
ANS: B
Understanding the various steps involved in this process is crucial for designing drug interventions.
Dysregulation of proteases features prominently in many human diseases, including cancer,
autoimmunity, and neurodegenerative disorders. Cardiac, vascular, gastrointestinal, renal, and
endocrine disorders do not involve this process.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
9. Which structure prevents water-soluble molecules from entering cells across the plasma
membrane?
a. Carbohydrate chains
b. Glycoprotein channels
c. Membrane channel proteins
d. Lipid bilayer
,McCance & HuetHer’s Pathophysiology The Biologic Basis
for Disease in Adults and Children 9th Edition by Julia
Rogers 2025
ANS: D
, McCance & HuetHer’s Pathophysiology The Biologic Basis
for Disease in Adults and Children 9th Edition by Julia
Rogers 2025
The bilayer’s structure accounts for one of the essential functions of the plasma membrane. It is
impermeable to most water-soluble molecules (molecules that dissolve in water) because the water-
soluble molecules are insoluble in the oily core region. The bilayer serves as a barrier to the diffusion
of water and hydrophilic substances while allowing lipid-soluble molecules, such as oxygen (O2 ) and
carbon dioxide (CO2 ), to diffuse through it readily.
Carbohydrate chains, glycoprotein channels, and membrane channel proteins do not prevent water-
soluble molecules from entering cells across the cell membrane.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
10. A student asks for an explanation of the absolute refractory period of the action potential. What
response by the professor is best?
a. A stronger than normal impulse will evoke another response.
b. No stimulus is able to evoke another response at this time.
c. Multiple stimuli can produce more rapid action potentials.
d. The hyperpolarized state means a weaker stimulus produces a response.
ANS: B
During the absolute refractory state of the action potential, no stimulus is able to evoke another
response from the cell. A stronger than normal impulse may generate a response in the relative
refractory period. This period of time is not related to the number of stimuli. A hyperpolarized state
means a stronger than normal stimulus would be needed to generate a response.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
11. Which form of cell communication is used to within the cell itself and with other cells in direct
physical contact?
a. Protein channel (gap junction)
b. Plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules
c. Hormone secretion such as neurotransmitters
d. Extracellular chemical messengers such as ligands
ANS: B
Cells communicate in three main ways; they display plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules that
affect the cell itself and other cells in direct physical contact with it, they affect receptor proteins
inside the target cell, and they form protein channels (gap junctions) that directly coordinate the
activities of adjacent cells. Neurotransmitters are released by neurons and cross the synaptic cleft to
communicate with the cells they innervate. Ligands are involved in binding processes.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
12. Which mode of chemical signaling uses blood to transport communication to cells some distance
away?
,McCance & HuetHer’s Pathophysiology The Biologic Basis
for Disease in Adults and Children 9th Edition by Julia
Rogers 2025
a. Paracrine
b. Autocrine
c. Neurotransmitter
d. Hormonal
ANS: D
, McCance & HuetHer’s Pathophysiology The Biologic Basis
for Disease in Adults and Children 9th Edition by Julia
Rogers 2025
Chemical signaling can be classified into three categories: (1) local-chemical mediator, (2) hormone,
and (3) neurotransmitter. Hormones are released by one set of cells and travel through tissues or
the bloodstream to another set of cells where they produce a response by those cells. In paracrine
signaling, cells secrete local chemical mediators that are quickly absorbed, destroyed, or
immobilized. Paracrine signaling requires close membrane-to- membrane contact. Paracrine
signaling usually involves different cell types; however, cells also may produce signals that they,
themselves, respond to, which is called autocrine signaling. Neurotransmitters are released by
neurons and cross the synaptic cleft to communicate with the cells they innervate.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
13. Which mode of chemical signaling uses local chemical mediators that are quickly taken up, destroyed, or
immobilized?
a. Paracrine
b. Autocrine
c. Neurotransmitter
d. Hormone
ANS: A
In paracrine signaling, cells secrete local chemical mediators that are quickly taken up, destroyed, or
immobilized. Autocrine signaling occurs when the target cells produce signals that they themselves
respond to. Neurotransmitters are released by neurons and cross the synaptic cleft to communicate
with the cells they innervate. Hormones are released by one set of cells and travel through tissues or
the bloodstream to another set of cells where they produce a response by those cells.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
14. Neurotransmitters affect the postsynaptic membrane by binding to which structure?
a. Lipids
b. Ribosomes
c. Amphipathic lipids
d. Receptors
ANS: D
In each type of chemical signaling, the target cell receives the signal by first attaching to its receptors. The
other options do not correctly describe this process.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
15. How do cells receive communication from the extracellular fluid surrounding them?
a. Protein channel (gap junction)
b. Plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules (involving receptors)
c. Hormone secretion such as neurotransmitters
d. Chemical messengers such as ligands
for Disease in Adults and Children 9th Edition by Julia
Rogers 2025
TEST BANK 2025 ANSWERSHEET QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Chapter 1-49
Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
Rogers: McCance & Huether’s Pathophysiology, 9th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which statement best describes the cellular function of metabolic absorption?
a. Cells can produce proteins.
b. Cells can secrete digestive enzymes.
c. Cells can take in and use nutrients.
d. Cells can synthesize fats.
ANS: C
In metabolic absorption, all cells take in and use nutrients and other substances from their
surroundings. The remaining options are not inclusive in their descriptions of cellular metabolic
absorption.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
2. Where is most of a cell’s genetic information, including RNA and DNA, contained?
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. Lysosome
ANS: C
The nucleus contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure composed largely of RNA, most of the
cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding proteins, such as the histones, which regulate its activity. The
mitochondria are responsible for cellular respiration and energy production.
Ribosomes’ chief function is to provide sites for cellular protein synthesis. Lysosomes function as the
intracellular digestive system.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
3. Which component of the cell produces hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2) by using oxygen to remove hydrogen
atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction?
a. Lysosomes
,McCance & HuetHer’s Pathophysiology The Biologic Basis
for Disease in Adults and Children 9th Edition by Julia
Rogers 2025
b. Peroxisomes
c. Ribosomes
d. Endosome
ANS: B
, McCance & HuetHer’s Pathophysiology The Biologic Basis
for Disease in Adults and Children 9th Edition by Julia
Rogers 2025
Peroxisomes are so named because they usually contain enzymes that use oxygen to remove
hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction that produces H2O2, which is a
powerful oxidant and potentially destructive if it accumulates or escapes from peroxisomes.
Ribosomes are RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the nucleolus and
secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes.
Lysosomes are saclike structures that originate from the Golgi complex and contain more than 40
digestive enzymes called hydrolases, which catalyze bonds in proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and
carbohydrates. An endosome is a vesical that has been pinched off from the cellular membrane.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
4. Which cell component is capable of cellular autodigestion when it is released during cell injury?
a. Ribosome
b. Golgi complex
c. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
d. Lysosomes
ANS: D
The lysosomal membrane acts as a protective shield between the powerful digestive enzymes within
the lysosome and the cytoplasm, preventing their leakage into the cytoplasmic matrix. Disruption of
the membrane by various treatments or cellular injury leads to a release of the lysosomal enzymes,
which can then react with their specific substrates, causing cellular self- digestion. The chief
function of a ribosome is to provide sites for cellular protein synthesis. The Golgi complex is a
network of flattened, smooth vesicles and membranes often located near the cell nucleus. The
smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in steroid hormone production and removing toxic
substances from the cell.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
5. Which cAMP-mediated response is related to antidiuretic hormone?
a. Increased heart rate and force of contraction
b. Secretion of cortisol
c. Increased retention of water
d. Breakdown of fat
ANS: C
Antidiuretic hormone leads to increased retention of water in the body. Epinephrine causes increases in
heart rate and force of contraction. Increased cortisol secretion is due to ACTH. Breakdown of fat is due to
glucagon.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
6. During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA synthesized?
,McCance & HuetHer’s Pathophysiology The Biologic Basis
for Disease in Adults and Children 9th Edition by Julia
Rogers 2025
a. G1
b. S
c. G2
d. M
ANS: B
, McCance & HuetHer’s Pathophysiology The Biologic Basis
for Disease in Adults and Children 9th Edition by Julia
Rogers 2025
The four designated phases of the cell cycle are: (1) the G 1 phase (G = gap), which is the period
between the M phase (M = mitosis) and the start of DNA synthesis; (2) the S phase (S
= synthesis), during which DNA is synthesized in the cell nucleus; (3) the G2 phase, during which RNA
and protein synthesis occurs, the period between the completion of DNA synthesis and the next phase
(M); and (4) the M phase, which includes nuclear and cytoplasmic division.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
7. What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by acting as receptors,
transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps?
a. Lipids
b. Proteases
c. Proteins
d. Carbohydrates
ANS: C
Proteins have several functions, including acting as receptors, transport channels for electrolytes,
and enzymes to drive active pumps Lipids help act as the ―glue‖ holding cell membranes together.
Proteases cause the breakdown of protein. Carbohydrates are involved in cellular protection and
lubrication and help produce energy via oxidative phosphorylation.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
8. Understanding the various steps of proteolytic cascades may be useful in designing drug therapy for
which human diseases?
a. Cardiac and vascular disorders
b. Autoimmune and malignant disorders
c. Gastrointestinal and renal disorders
d. Endocrine and gastrointestinal disorders
ANS: B
Understanding the various steps involved in this process is crucial for designing drug interventions.
Dysregulation of proteases features prominently in many human diseases, including cancer,
autoimmunity, and neurodegenerative disorders. Cardiac, vascular, gastrointestinal, renal, and
endocrine disorders do not involve this process.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
9. Which structure prevents water-soluble molecules from entering cells across the plasma
membrane?
a. Carbohydrate chains
b. Glycoprotein channels
c. Membrane channel proteins
d. Lipid bilayer
,McCance & HuetHer’s Pathophysiology The Biologic Basis
for Disease in Adults and Children 9th Edition by Julia
Rogers 2025
ANS: D
, McCance & HuetHer’s Pathophysiology The Biologic Basis
for Disease in Adults and Children 9th Edition by Julia
Rogers 2025
The bilayer’s structure accounts for one of the essential functions of the plasma membrane. It is
impermeable to most water-soluble molecules (molecules that dissolve in water) because the water-
soluble molecules are insoluble in the oily core region. The bilayer serves as a barrier to the diffusion
of water and hydrophilic substances while allowing lipid-soluble molecules, such as oxygen (O2 ) and
carbon dioxide (CO2 ), to diffuse through it readily.
Carbohydrate chains, glycoprotein channels, and membrane channel proteins do not prevent water-
soluble molecules from entering cells across the cell membrane.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
10. A student asks for an explanation of the absolute refractory period of the action potential. What
response by the professor is best?
a. A stronger than normal impulse will evoke another response.
b. No stimulus is able to evoke another response at this time.
c. Multiple stimuli can produce more rapid action potentials.
d. The hyperpolarized state means a weaker stimulus produces a response.
ANS: B
During the absolute refractory state of the action potential, no stimulus is able to evoke another
response from the cell. A stronger than normal impulse may generate a response in the relative
refractory period. This period of time is not related to the number of stimuli. A hyperpolarized state
means a stronger than normal stimulus would be needed to generate a response.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
11. Which form of cell communication is used to within the cell itself and with other cells in direct
physical contact?
a. Protein channel (gap junction)
b. Plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules
c. Hormone secretion such as neurotransmitters
d. Extracellular chemical messengers such as ligands
ANS: B
Cells communicate in three main ways; they display plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules that
affect the cell itself and other cells in direct physical contact with it, they affect receptor proteins
inside the target cell, and they form protein channels (gap junctions) that directly coordinate the
activities of adjacent cells. Neurotransmitters are released by neurons and cross the synaptic cleft to
communicate with the cells they innervate. Ligands are involved in binding processes.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
12. Which mode of chemical signaling uses blood to transport communication to cells some distance
away?
,McCance & HuetHer’s Pathophysiology The Biologic Basis
for Disease in Adults and Children 9th Edition by Julia
Rogers 2025
a. Paracrine
b. Autocrine
c. Neurotransmitter
d. Hormonal
ANS: D
, McCance & HuetHer’s Pathophysiology The Biologic Basis
for Disease in Adults and Children 9th Edition by Julia
Rogers 2025
Chemical signaling can be classified into three categories: (1) local-chemical mediator, (2) hormone,
and (3) neurotransmitter. Hormones are released by one set of cells and travel through tissues or
the bloodstream to another set of cells where they produce a response by those cells. In paracrine
signaling, cells secrete local chemical mediators that are quickly absorbed, destroyed, or
immobilized. Paracrine signaling requires close membrane-to- membrane contact. Paracrine
signaling usually involves different cell types; however, cells also may produce signals that they,
themselves, respond to, which is called autocrine signaling. Neurotransmitters are released by
neurons and cross the synaptic cleft to communicate with the cells they innervate.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
13. Which mode of chemical signaling uses local chemical mediators that are quickly taken up, destroyed, or
immobilized?
a. Paracrine
b. Autocrine
c. Neurotransmitter
d. Hormone
ANS: A
In paracrine signaling, cells secrete local chemical mediators that are quickly taken up, destroyed, or
immobilized. Autocrine signaling occurs when the target cells produce signals that they themselves
respond to. Neurotransmitters are released by neurons and cross the synaptic cleft to communicate
with the cells they innervate. Hormones are released by one set of cells and travel through tissues or
the bloodstream to another set of cells where they produce a response by those cells.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
14. Neurotransmitters affect the postsynaptic membrane by binding to which structure?
a. Lipids
b. Ribosomes
c. Amphipathic lipids
d. Receptors
ANS: D
In each type of chemical signaling, the target cell receives the signal by first attaching to its receptors. The
other options do not correctly describe this process.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering
15. How do cells receive communication from the extracellular fluid surrounding them?
a. Protein channel (gap junction)
b. Plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules (involving receptors)
c. Hormone secretion such as neurotransmitters
d. Chemical messengers such as ligands
