PHRM 1203 WK6 TEST WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION
What are the neurotransmitters associated with depression? - ANSWER Dopamine,
noradrenaline, serotonin.
What is the role of neurotransmitters in the brain? - ANSWER Support communication
between nerve cells and target cells.
What is the relationship between neurotransmitter activity and depression symptoms? -
ANSWER Changes in neurotransmitter activity may be linked to symptoms of
depression.
Which neurotransmitter systems are associated with depression and anxiety? -
ANSWER Reduced activity of neurotransmitter systems within parts of the limbic
system.
What are some factors that may contribute to depression? - ANSWER Psychological,
genetic, and environmental factors.
How long does it take for mood to improve? - ANSWER Weeks, as nerves grow and form
new connections.
What is the effect of antidepressants on nerve cells in the hippocampus? - ANSWER
Promote the growth of nerve cells.
What is neurogenesis? - ANSWER The process of generating new neurons.
What is the benefit of antidepressants in relation to nerve cell connections? - ANSWER
Strengthening nerve cell connections.
How do antidepressants improve the exchange of information between nerve circuits? -
ANSWER By improving the exchange of information between nerve circuits.
What are Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)? - ANSWER Medications that
increase levels of serotonin in the brain.
List some common SSRIs. - ANSWER Citalopram, Escitalopram, Fluoxetine,
Fluvoxamine, Sertraline.
Why are SSRIs considered the first choice for adults? - ANSWER They are effective and
generally well tolerated.
What is the mechanism of action of SSRIs? - ANSWER They selectively inhibit the
reuptake of serotonin, increasing its availability in the brain.
Why are SSRIs considered selective? - ANSWER They mainly affect serotonin as
opposed to other neurotransmitters.
, Are SSRIs safe to use during pregnancy? - ANSWER Most SSRIs are safe, except for
Paroxetine which may cause foetal heart defects.
What should be done with SSRIs dosing in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy? - ANSWER
Some women may need an increased dose.
What is the potential risk of antenatal depression? - ANSWER It is associated with early
onset of labour, risk of preterm birth, low birth weight, and intrauterine growth
restriction.
Are SSRIs safe to use during breastfeeding? - ANSWER Yes, they are safe. Sertraline is
one of the preferred options.
List some common side effects of SSRIs. - ANSWER Nausea, diarrhea, agitation,
insomnia, tremor, dry mouth, dizziness, headache.
What are Serotonin and Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)? - ANSWER
Medications that inhibit the reuptake of serotonin and noradrenaline.
List some common SNRIs. - ANSWER Desvenlafaxine, Duloxetine, Venlafaxine.
What is the mechanism of action of SNRIs? - ANSWER They increase the availability of
serotonin and noradrenaline in the brain.
What precautions should be taken with SNRIs in patients with heart disease? - ANSWER
They should be used with caution.
Which patients were excluded from clinical trials of SNRIs? - ANSWER Patients with
uncontrolled hypertension, unstable angina, and recent myocardial infarction.
List some additional side effects of SNRIs compared to SSRIs. - ANSWER Constipation,
palpitation, tachycardia, increased blood pressure.
What is orthostatic hypotension? - ANSWER Sudden drop in blood pressure when
getting up.
What is the potential toxicity of venlafaxine in overdose? - ANSWER Requires immediate
attention.
What are some examples of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)? - ANSWER Amitriptyline,
Clomipramine, Doxepin, Imipramine, Nortriptyline.
What is the mechanism of action of TCAs? - ANSWER Inhibit reuptake of noradrenaline
and serotonin.
What is the effect of TCAs on neurotransmitter availability? - ANSWER Increase
availability of serotonin and noradrenaline.
What other receptors do TCAs block? - ANSWER Cholinergic, histaminergic, alpha1
adrenergic, and serotonergic receptors.
What are the neurotransmitters associated with depression? - ANSWER Dopamine,
noradrenaline, serotonin.
What is the role of neurotransmitters in the brain? - ANSWER Support communication
between nerve cells and target cells.
What is the relationship between neurotransmitter activity and depression symptoms? -
ANSWER Changes in neurotransmitter activity may be linked to symptoms of
depression.
Which neurotransmitter systems are associated with depression and anxiety? -
ANSWER Reduced activity of neurotransmitter systems within parts of the limbic
system.
What are some factors that may contribute to depression? - ANSWER Psychological,
genetic, and environmental factors.
How long does it take for mood to improve? - ANSWER Weeks, as nerves grow and form
new connections.
What is the effect of antidepressants on nerve cells in the hippocampus? - ANSWER
Promote the growth of nerve cells.
What is neurogenesis? - ANSWER The process of generating new neurons.
What is the benefit of antidepressants in relation to nerve cell connections? - ANSWER
Strengthening nerve cell connections.
How do antidepressants improve the exchange of information between nerve circuits? -
ANSWER By improving the exchange of information between nerve circuits.
What are Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)? - ANSWER Medications that
increase levels of serotonin in the brain.
List some common SSRIs. - ANSWER Citalopram, Escitalopram, Fluoxetine,
Fluvoxamine, Sertraline.
Why are SSRIs considered the first choice for adults? - ANSWER They are effective and
generally well tolerated.
What is the mechanism of action of SSRIs? - ANSWER They selectively inhibit the
reuptake of serotonin, increasing its availability in the brain.
Why are SSRIs considered selective? - ANSWER They mainly affect serotonin as
opposed to other neurotransmitters.
, Are SSRIs safe to use during pregnancy? - ANSWER Most SSRIs are safe, except for
Paroxetine which may cause foetal heart defects.
What should be done with SSRIs dosing in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy? - ANSWER
Some women may need an increased dose.
What is the potential risk of antenatal depression? - ANSWER It is associated with early
onset of labour, risk of preterm birth, low birth weight, and intrauterine growth
restriction.
Are SSRIs safe to use during breastfeeding? - ANSWER Yes, they are safe. Sertraline is
one of the preferred options.
List some common side effects of SSRIs. - ANSWER Nausea, diarrhea, agitation,
insomnia, tremor, dry mouth, dizziness, headache.
What are Serotonin and Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)? - ANSWER
Medications that inhibit the reuptake of serotonin and noradrenaline.
List some common SNRIs. - ANSWER Desvenlafaxine, Duloxetine, Venlafaxine.
What is the mechanism of action of SNRIs? - ANSWER They increase the availability of
serotonin and noradrenaline in the brain.
What precautions should be taken with SNRIs in patients with heart disease? - ANSWER
They should be used with caution.
Which patients were excluded from clinical trials of SNRIs? - ANSWER Patients with
uncontrolled hypertension, unstable angina, and recent myocardial infarction.
List some additional side effects of SNRIs compared to SSRIs. - ANSWER Constipation,
palpitation, tachycardia, increased blood pressure.
What is orthostatic hypotension? - ANSWER Sudden drop in blood pressure when
getting up.
What is the potential toxicity of venlafaxine in overdose? - ANSWER Requires immediate
attention.
What are some examples of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)? - ANSWER Amitriptyline,
Clomipramine, Doxepin, Imipramine, Nortriptyline.
What is the mechanism of action of TCAs? - ANSWER Inhibit reuptake of noradrenaline
and serotonin.
What is the effect of TCAs on neurotransmitter availability? - ANSWER Increase
availability of serotonin and noradrenaline.
What other receptors do TCAs block? - ANSWER Cholinergic, histaminergic, alpha1
adrenergic, and serotonergic receptors.
