NR565 PHARMACOLOGY FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS 2025

NR565 PHARMACOLOGY FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS 2025
SignsRandRsymptomsRofRhypothyroidismR-RCORRECTRANSWERR-FaceRisRpale,Rpuffy,RandRexpressionless.

SkinRisRcoldRandRdry.R

hairRisRbrittle,RandRhairRlossRoccurs.R

HeartRrateRandRtemperatureRareRlowered.RTheRpatientRlethargy,Rfatigue,RandRintoleranceRtoRcold.R

MentationRmayRbeRimpaired.



SignsRandRsymptomsRofRhyperthyroidismR-RCORRECTRANSWERR-
HeartRRateRisRRapid;RPossibleRarrhythmia/angina

Nervousness,Rinsomnia,RrapidRthoughtRflow,RandRrapidRspeech

SkeletalRmusclesRmayRweakenRandRatrophy

MetabolicRrateRisRraised,RresultingRinRincreasedRheatRproduction,RincreasedRbodyRtemperature,Rintoleranc
eRtoRheat,RandRskinRthatRisRwarmRandRmoist

WeightRlossRoccursRifRcaloricRintakeRfailsRtoRmatchRtheRincreaseRinRmetabolicRrate



SevereRhypothyroidismR-RCORRECTRANSWERR-Myxedema



HypothyroidRTreatmentR-RCORRECTRANSWERR-
LevothyroxineRisRtheRdrugRofRchoiceRforRmostRpatientsRwhoRrequireRthyroidRhormoneRreplacement.



LevothyroxineR(Synthroid)RTherapeuticRGoalR-RCORRECTRANSWERR-
ResolutionRofRsignsRandRsymptomsRofRhypothyroidismRandRrestorationRofRnormalRlaboratoryRvaluesRforRser
umRthyroid-stimulatingRhormoneR(TSH)RandRfreeRthyroxineR(T4).



MajorRformsRofRhyperthyroidismR-RCORRECTRANSWERR-
GravesRdiseaseRandRtoxicRnodularRgoiterR(alsoRknownRasRPlummerRdisease).



GravesRDiseaseR-RCORRECTRANSWERR-MostRcommonRcauseRofRexcessiveRthyroidRhormoneRsecretion

,WhatRadjunctiveRtherapyRisRgoodRtoRprescribeRtoRcontrolRsymptomsRofRhyperthyroidismRotherRthanRthyroi
dRspecificRmedications?R-RCORRECTRANSWERR-β-
BlockersRandRnonradioactiveRiodineRmayRbeRusedRasRadjunctiveRtherapy.R

β-BlockersRsuppressRtachycardiaRbyRblockingRβ-receptorsRonRtheRheart.R

NonradioactiveRiodineRinhibitsRsynthesisRandRreleaseRofRthyroidRhormones.



MonitoringRneedsRandRintervalsRforRLevothyroxineR-RCORRECTRANSWERR-CheckRTSHR6-
8RweeksRafterRinitiatingRtherapyRandRafterRanyRdosageRchange.R

CheckRTSHRatRleastRonceRaRyearRafterRserumRTSHRisRstabilized.



HyperthyroidRTreatmentR-RCORRECTRANSWERR-thionamideRdrugs—
methimazoleRandRpropylthiouracilR(PTU)—suppressRsynthesisRofRthyroidRhormones.



MethimazoleRTherapeuticRGoalR-RCORRECTRANSWERR-
(1)RreductionRofRthyroidRhormoneRproductionRinRGraves'Rdisease,R(2)RcontrolRofRhyperthyroidismRuntilRtheR
effectsRofRradiationRonRtheRthyroidRbecomeRmanifest,R(3)RsuppressionRofRthyroidRhormoneRproductionRbef
oreRsubtotalRthyroidectomy,R(4)RtreatmentRofRthyrotoxicRcrisis.



MonitoringRneedsRandRintervalsRforRMethimazoleR-RCORRECTRANSWERR-
CheckRCBCRwithRdifferentialRifRsignsRorRsymptomsRofRinfection.RCheckRLFTsRifRsignsRorRsymptomsRofRliverRdy
sfunction.



HighRRiskRPatientsRforRMethimazoleR-RCORRECTRANSWERR-
ShouldRbeRavoidedRinRtheRfirstRtrimesterRofRpregnancy.



MethimazoleRToxicityR-RCORRECTRANSWERR-AgranulocytosisRisRtheRmostRdangerousRtoxicity.



PTURHighRRiskRWarningR-RCORRECTRANSWERR-
CarriesRaRriskRforRliverRtoxicity.RAlthoughRrare,RtheRFDARrecommendsRagainstRusingRasRaRfirst-
lineRtreatmentRdueRtoRpotentialRforRhepaticRtoxicity.



EffectsRofRmaternalRhypothyroidismRonRoffspringRandRappropriateRpatientRteachingRrelatedRtoRneedRforRtre
atment.R-RCORRECTRANSWERR-
CanRcauseRdelayRinRmentalRdevelopmentRandRderangementRofRgrowth.RInRtheRabsenceRofRthyroidRhormon

,es,RtheRchildRdevelopsRaRlargeRandRprotrudingRtongue,Rpotbelly,RandRdwarfishRstature.RDevelopmentRofRth
eRnervousRsystem,Rbones,Rteeth,RandRmusclesRisRimpaired.



CongenitalRHypothyroidismRTreatmentR-RCORRECTRANSWERR-
requiresRreplacementRtherapyRwithRthyroidRhormones.RIfRtreatmentRisRinitiatedRwithinRaRfewRdaysRofRbirth,
RphysicalRandRmentalRdevelopmentRwillRbeRnormal.




replacementRtherapyRshouldRcontinueRforR3Ryears,RafterRwhichRitRshouldRbeRstoppedRforR4RweeksRtoRdeter
mineRwhetherRthyroidRdeficiencyRisRpermanentRorRtransient.



PatientRTeachingRforRMethimazoleR-RCORRECTRANSWERR-
TellRyourRhealthcareRprovidersRthatRyouRareRtakingRthisRdrug.R

CheckRbloodRworkRasRdirected.

TakingRthisRdrugRmayRcauseRharmRtoRtheRunbornRbabyRifRyouRareRpregnant,RespeciallyRinRtheRfirstRtrimester.

IfRyouRareRpregnantRorRbecomeRpregnantRwhileRtakingRthisRdrug,RcallRyourRhealthcareRproviderRrightRaway.

TellRyourRhealthcareRproviderRifRyouRareRbreast-feedingRtoRdiscussRrisksRtoRtheRbaby.

HaveRyourRbaby'sRthyroidRcheckedRifRyouRareRusingRthisRdrugRandRbreast-feeding.

AgranulocytosisRisRtheRmostRdangerousRtoxicityRriskRforRthisRmedicationRbutRisRveryRrare.RSoreRthroatRandRf
everRshouldRbeRreportedRimmediately.R



PatientRTeachingRforRLevothyroxineR-RCORRECTRANSWERR-
worksRbestRifRyouRtakeRitRonRanRemptyRstomach,R30RtoR60RminutesRbeforeRbreakfast.

takeRtheRmedicineRatRtheRsameRtimeReachRday.



IdealRHbA1CRgoalRforRdiabetic,Rnon-pregnantRadultsR-RCORRECTRANSWERR-lessRthanR7%.



HbA1CR8%R-RCORRECTRANSWERR-
historyRofRsevereRhypoglycemia,RlimitedRlifeRexpectancy,RorRadvancedRmicrovascularRorRmacrovascularRco
mplications



HBA1CRValueRconsideredRdiagnosticRofRdiabetes.R-RCORRECTRANSWERR-aRvalueRofR6.5%RorRgreater

, HbA1CRMeasuringRIntervalR-RCORRECTRANSWERR-
everyR3RmonthsRuntilRvalueRisR<7%;ReveryR6RmonthsRthereafter



HbA1CRGoalRforROlderRAdultsR-RCORRECTRANSWERR-
<7.5%R[58Rmmol/mol]),RwhileRthoseRwithRmultipleRcoexistingRchronicRillnesses,RcognitiveRimpairment,RorRf
unctionalRdependenceRshouldRhaveRlessRstringentRglycemicRgoalsR(suchRasRA1CR<8.0-8.5%R[64-
69Rmmol/mol]).



CriteriaRforRtheRDiagnosisRofRDiabetesRMellitusR-RCORRECTRANSWERR--FastingRplasmaRglucoseR≥126Rmg/dL

-RandomRplasmaRglucoseR≥R200Rmg/dLRplusRsymptomsRofRdiabetes

-OralRglucoseRtoleranceRtestR(OGTT):R2-hRplasmaRglucoseR≥200Rmg/dLcor

-HemoglobinRA1cR6.5%RorRhigher



T1DMREtiologyRandRMOAR-RCORRECTRANSWERR-AutoimmuneRprocess;RLossRofRpancreaticRβRcells;



T2DMREtiologyRandRMOAR-RCORRECTRANSWERR-Unknown—
butRthereRisRaRstrongRfamilialRassociation,RsuggestingRthatRheredityRisRaRriskRfactor;RInsulinRresistanceRandRi
nappropriateRinsulinRsecretion



theRtotalRdailyRdoseR(TDD)RofRinsulinRcalculationR-RCORRECTRANSWERR-
totalRweightRofRtheRpatientRinRkilogramsR(kg),RmultipliedRbyR0.6Runits



BasalRinsulinRreplacementR-RCORRECTRANSWERR-
50%RofRtheRtotalRdailyRinsulinRdoseRwhichRreplacesRinsulinRfromRfastingR(overnight)RandRbetweenRmeals.



BolusRinsulinRreplacementR-RCORRECTRANSWERR-
50%RofRtheRtotalRdailyRinsulinRdoseRandRprovidesRcarbohydrateRcoverageRandRhighRbloodRsugarRcorrection.



BiguanidesRDrugRClassR-RCORRECTRANSWERR-Metformin



MetforminR-RCORRECTRANSWERR-
DecreasesRglucoseRproductionRbyRtheRliverR(glucogenesis),RincreasesRtissueRresponseRtoRinsulin;R