Unit 10: biological molecules and
biochemical processes
P1
Water
Description
Water is a tasteless, transparent, and colorless chemical substance that is essential for all
known Lifes. Water is the only one substance that commonly exists in three states (solid, liquid
and gas). Water freezes or becomes solid (ice) at 0°C. It remains liquid at temperatures
between 0°C to 100°C and vaporizes into the steam when the temperature is above 100°C.
Bonding between monomers
The bonding between water monomers includes covalently sharing of electrons between
hydrogen atom and oxygen atom. Where oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen. This
sharing of electrons holds the atoms together.
Proteins
Description
Proteins are large molecules that are crucial for life. They can be found in seafood, dairy, beef,
and eggs etc. They consist of thousands of small components called amino acids which are
strongly attached to each other as in a long chain.
, There is four types of proteins (Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary). Each type
determines protein function and its biological activity.
The primary structure is the arranged sequence of amino acids linked to each other's in a
peptide chain.
The Secondary structure in proteins is the arrangement of polypeptides backbone. Which
describes the repeating of hydrogen bonding between the peptide backbone constituents. The
secondary structure consists of 2 main types which includes (alpha helix and beta sheets). The
alpha (α) helix is almost 11 amino acids long and where the Polypeptide chain forms a right-
handed coil stabilized by Hydrogen (H) bonds between every N-H amino group and the oxygen
of a C=O amino group.
The beta (β) sheet, the hydrogen bonds take place between the C=O and N-H group of the one
chain and N-H and C=O of neighboring chain.
Tertiary structure is produced when the secondary structure is folded and coiled.
In quaternary structure consists of more than one polypeptide chain or multiple protein
subunits interact to form a complex protein. Its example includes hemoglobin, its function is to
transfer oxygen in the blood. It consists of 4 subunits, and each contains a heme group.
Bonding between monomers
The protein monomers consist of peptide bonding. Peptide bonds are covalent bonds that link
the amino acids with each other's.
Carbohydrates
biochemical processes
P1
Water
Description
Water is a tasteless, transparent, and colorless chemical substance that is essential for all
known Lifes. Water is the only one substance that commonly exists in three states (solid, liquid
and gas). Water freezes or becomes solid (ice) at 0°C. It remains liquid at temperatures
between 0°C to 100°C and vaporizes into the steam when the temperature is above 100°C.
Bonding between monomers
The bonding between water monomers includes covalently sharing of electrons between
hydrogen atom and oxygen atom. Where oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen. This
sharing of electrons holds the atoms together.
Proteins
Description
Proteins are large molecules that are crucial for life. They can be found in seafood, dairy, beef,
and eggs etc. They consist of thousands of small components called amino acids which are
strongly attached to each other as in a long chain.
, There is four types of proteins (Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary). Each type
determines protein function and its biological activity.
The primary structure is the arranged sequence of amino acids linked to each other's in a
peptide chain.
The Secondary structure in proteins is the arrangement of polypeptides backbone. Which
describes the repeating of hydrogen bonding between the peptide backbone constituents. The
secondary structure consists of 2 main types which includes (alpha helix and beta sheets). The
alpha (α) helix is almost 11 amino acids long and where the Polypeptide chain forms a right-
handed coil stabilized by Hydrogen (H) bonds between every N-H amino group and the oxygen
of a C=O amino group.
The beta (β) sheet, the hydrogen bonds take place between the C=O and N-H group of the one
chain and N-H and C=O of neighboring chain.
Tertiary structure is produced when the secondary structure is folded and coiled.
In quaternary structure consists of more than one polypeptide chain or multiple protein
subunits interact to form a complex protein. Its example includes hemoglobin, its function is to
transfer oxygen in the blood. It consists of 4 subunits, and each contains a heme group.
Bonding between monomers
The protein monomers consist of peptide bonding. Peptide bonds are covalent bonds that link
the amino acids with each other's.
Carbohydrates
