1
, Operationaliseren................................................................................10
Empirische cyclus......................................................................................11
1. Observatie (waarneming)................................................................11
2. Inductie (hypothesevorming)..........................................................11
3. Deductie (voorspellingen en toetsbare hypothesen)......................11
4. Toetsing (experiment of onderzoek)................................................11
5. Evaluatie (conclusies en terugkoppeling)........................................11
2. Verschil tussen Informatie, Kennis en Evidence....................................12
3. Bronnen van Evidence...........................................................................12
4. Systematisch Literatuuronderzoek........................................................12
5. APA-Refereren........................................................................................12
6. Traditioneel Kwalitatief Onderzoek........................................................13
7. Psychometrische Eigenschappen van Meetinstrumenten.....................14
Etiologie (Oorzaken van Ziektes)...............................................................16
Bradford Hill Criteria............................................................................16
9. Diagnostisch Proces...............................................................................17
10. Gerandomiseerde Gecontroleerde Proeven (RCT’s).............................17
Ontologie.............................................................................................18
Epistemologie......................................................................................18
Axiologisch..........................................................................................18
Methodologisch...................................................................................18
Verschillende kwalitatieve designs......................................................19
Beoordelen onderzoek naar klinimetrische eigenschappen van
meetinstrument......................................................................................20
Validiteit..............................................................................................21
Betrouwbaarheid.................................................................................22
Interpreteerbaarheid..............................................................................24
1. Cronbach's alfa................................................................................25
2. ICC (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient) en Gewogen Kappa............25
ICC (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient)................................................26
Gewogen Kappa..................................................................................26
3. MIC (Minimal Important Change)....................................................27
4. SCD (Smallest Detectable Change).................................................28
2
,Toepasbaarheid.........................................................................................29
Convergent, Discriminant (divergent), Criterumvaliditeit.........................35
1. Karakteristieken en "bouwplaat" van een etiologische studie............43
5. Observationele designs/basisdesigns binnen de epidemiologie.........45
Epidemiologie............................................................................................48
Empirische cyclus...................................................................................51
Onderdelen van een onderzoeksvraag PICO(T)......................................53
Selectie onderzoekspopulatie.................................................................54
Indeling verschillende onderzoeksopzetten/levels of evidence..............55
Gerandomiseerde experiment RCT.........................................................59
Observationele onderzoeksopzetten......................................................61
Onafhankelijke variabele (oorzaak).....................................................61
Afhankelijke variabele (gevolg)...........................................................61
Confounder..........................................................................................64
Effectmodificiatie................................................................................64
Cohortonderzoek.................................................................................65
Meting..............................................................................................65
Follow up meting..............................................................................65
Patiënt-controleonderzoek..................................................................67
Patiënten selectie.............................................................................67
Selecteren controles........................................................................67
Meten variabelen.............................................................................68
Matching..........................................................................................68
Verschil cohort en patiënt-controle onderzoek.......................................69
Crossectioneel onderzoek...................................................................70
Ecologisch onderzoek.............................................................................70
Odds Ratio (OR)...................................................................................71
Hazard Ratio (HR)................................................................................72
95% CI (betrouwbaarheidsinterval)........................................................73
Attributief Risico (AR)..........................................................................74
Populatie Attributief Risico (PAR).........................................................75
Statistische Significantietoetsing........................................................75
Systematische en toevallige fouten.......................................................76
3
, Verschil validiteit en precisie...............................................................76
Validiteit bias..........................................................................................77
Selectiebias, informatiebias en confounding...................................77
Selectiebias.........................................................................................78
Informatiebias.....................................................................................78
Confounding........................................................................................79
Bias en onderzoeksopzet........................................................................80
Randomisatie...................................................................................80
Restrictie..........................................................................................80
Matchen...........................................................................................81
Stratificatie en standaardisatie........................................................81
Causaliteit..............................................................................................82
Voldoende en noodzakelijke oorzaken.............................................82
Causaal interpreteren......................................................................82
Diagnostische test, sensitiviteit, specificiteit, voorspellende waarde. 83
Opbouw van een CAT................................................................................84
Klinische vraagstelling bij CAT.............................................................84
Literatuurzoekopdracht.......................................................................84
Critical appraisal of articles.................................................................84
Evidence tabel.....................................................................................85
Comments...........................................................................................86
Bottom line..........................................................................................88
Systematisch zoeken naar literatuur.........................................................89
Klinische vraag opstellen....................................................................89
Zoeken in PubMed...............................................................................90
MeSH................................................................................................90
Free text terms.................................................................................90
Clinical Queries................................................................................90
Automatic Term Mapping.................................................................90
Limits...............................................................................................91
Stap bij stap zoeken............................................................................91
Beoordelen CAT.........................................................................................92
Inclusie en exclusie criteria.................................................................92
4
, Operationaliseren................................................................................10
Empirische cyclus......................................................................................11
1. Observatie (waarneming)................................................................11
2. Inductie (hypothesevorming)..........................................................11
3. Deductie (voorspellingen en toetsbare hypothesen)......................11
4. Toetsing (experiment of onderzoek)................................................11
5. Evaluatie (conclusies en terugkoppeling)........................................11
2. Verschil tussen Informatie, Kennis en Evidence....................................12
3. Bronnen van Evidence...........................................................................12
4. Systematisch Literatuuronderzoek........................................................12
5. APA-Refereren........................................................................................12
6. Traditioneel Kwalitatief Onderzoek........................................................13
7. Psychometrische Eigenschappen van Meetinstrumenten.....................14
Etiologie (Oorzaken van Ziektes)...............................................................16
Bradford Hill Criteria............................................................................16
9. Diagnostisch Proces...............................................................................17
10. Gerandomiseerde Gecontroleerde Proeven (RCT’s).............................17
Ontologie.............................................................................................18
Epistemologie......................................................................................18
Axiologisch..........................................................................................18
Methodologisch...................................................................................18
Verschillende kwalitatieve designs......................................................19
Beoordelen onderzoek naar klinimetrische eigenschappen van
meetinstrument......................................................................................20
Validiteit..............................................................................................21
Betrouwbaarheid.................................................................................22
Interpreteerbaarheid..............................................................................24
1. Cronbach's alfa................................................................................25
2. ICC (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient) en Gewogen Kappa............25
ICC (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient)................................................26
Gewogen Kappa..................................................................................26
3. MIC (Minimal Important Change)....................................................27
4. SCD (Smallest Detectable Change).................................................28
2
,Toepasbaarheid.........................................................................................29
Convergent, Discriminant (divergent), Criterumvaliditeit.........................35
1. Karakteristieken en "bouwplaat" van een etiologische studie............43
5. Observationele designs/basisdesigns binnen de epidemiologie.........45
Epidemiologie............................................................................................48
Empirische cyclus...................................................................................51
Onderdelen van een onderzoeksvraag PICO(T)......................................53
Selectie onderzoekspopulatie.................................................................54
Indeling verschillende onderzoeksopzetten/levels of evidence..............55
Gerandomiseerde experiment RCT.........................................................59
Observationele onderzoeksopzetten......................................................61
Onafhankelijke variabele (oorzaak).....................................................61
Afhankelijke variabele (gevolg)...........................................................61
Confounder..........................................................................................64
Effectmodificiatie................................................................................64
Cohortonderzoek.................................................................................65
Meting..............................................................................................65
Follow up meting..............................................................................65
Patiënt-controleonderzoek..................................................................67
Patiënten selectie.............................................................................67
Selecteren controles........................................................................67
Meten variabelen.............................................................................68
Matching..........................................................................................68
Verschil cohort en patiënt-controle onderzoek.......................................69
Crossectioneel onderzoek...................................................................70
Ecologisch onderzoek.............................................................................70
Odds Ratio (OR)...................................................................................71
Hazard Ratio (HR)................................................................................72
95% CI (betrouwbaarheidsinterval)........................................................73
Attributief Risico (AR)..........................................................................74
Populatie Attributief Risico (PAR).........................................................75
Statistische Significantietoetsing........................................................75
Systematische en toevallige fouten.......................................................76
3
, Verschil validiteit en precisie...............................................................76
Validiteit bias..........................................................................................77
Selectiebias, informatiebias en confounding...................................77
Selectiebias.........................................................................................78
Informatiebias.....................................................................................78
Confounding........................................................................................79
Bias en onderzoeksopzet........................................................................80
Randomisatie...................................................................................80
Restrictie..........................................................................................80
Matchen...........................................................................................81
Stratificatie en standaardisatie........................................................81
Causaliteit..............................................................................................82
Voldoende en noodzakelijke oorzaken.............................................82
Causaal interpreteren......................................................................82
Diagnostische test, sensitiviteit, specificiteit, voorspellende waarde. 83
Opbouw van een CAT................................................................................84
Klinische vraagstelling bij CAT.............................................................84
Literatuurzoekopdracht.......................................................................84
Critical appraisal of articles.................................................................84
Evidence tabel.....................................................................................85
Comments...........................................................................................86
Bottom line..........................................................................................88
Systematisch zoeken naar literatuur.........................................................89
Klinische vraag opstellen....................................................................89
Zoeken in PubMed...............................................................................90
MeSH................................................................................................90
Free text terms.................................................................................90
Clinical Queries................................................................................90
Automatic Term Mapping.................................................................90
Limits...............................................................................................91
Stap bij stap zoeken............................................................................91
Beoordelen CAT.........................................................................................92
Inclusie en exclusie criteria.................................................................92
4
