SOC 111- Exam 2 Questions and Answers Latest Update 2025 Already Passed

SOC 111- Exam 2 Questions and Answers Latest Update 2025 Already Passed Stratification - Answers division of society where the divisions have unequal access to opportunities/rewards; treat people based on characteristics Four principles of stratification - Answers Is a characteristic of the society, is institutionalized, is universal but variable, is an ideology Marx and stratification - Answers Ruling class decides who is on the bottom Weber, conflict theory, and stratification - Answers Classes, parties, status groups—dimensions for stratification Lenski, conflict theory, and stratification - Answers Those who control the surplus have the power Davis and Moore, functionalism, and stratification - Answers Inequality motivates people to work; the people on top are there for a reason, class-based stratification is a meritocracy Tumin and Simpson, criticism of functionalism and stratification - Answers Every job is necessary, none are more important than the other, so stratification has no point Criticism of functionalism and stratification - Answers If people were in their positions for a reason, we would have a meritocracy, and we don't Social class - Answers Person's economic and social status in a system of social stratification Three components of social class - Answers Wealth, power, prestige Stratification of wealth in the U.S. - Answers Rich get richer, poor get poorer Absolute poverty - Answers People lack the resources needed to survive Relative poverty - Answers Measuring a particular situation against an average situation; no computer is relative poverty Feminization of poverty - Answers Single women have greater risk of being poor Three/fourths of poor - Answers People that are too old, too young, too disabled to work Deindustrialization and poverty - Answers Switch from factory to service-based jobs Structural poverty - Answers People have the wrong skills for the new work that is available Cons of being poor in the U.S. - Answers Disease, no health care, be arrested, less educated Intersectionality - Answers Patricia Hill Collins; interconnections between race, class, gender, religion, age as they apply to poverty Cultural explanation of poverty - Answers Blaming the victim; the values of the poor don't match the values of success Cultural of poverty - Answers Oscar Lewis; poverty is a vicious cycle Structural explanation of poverty - Answers Poor people don't have as many opportunities to not be poor "The Uses of Poverty" by Gans - Answers Poor people are necessary for society Savage Inequalities by Jonathan Kozol - Answers East St. Louis schools Race - Answers group of people who are different because of their skin and selected characteristics; is a social construct Why is race here? - Answers It was created to justify inequality and discriminations based on skin color Racism - Answers Set of beliefs that use biology to justify inequalities between racial and ethnic groups Ethnicity - Answers Group of people who are different because of their shared heritage Minority group - Answers Group of people who are denied power and rights because of their characteristics 4 characteristics of minority group - Answers Disadvantaged, held in low esteem, ascribed status, have collective conscience due to mistreatment Majority group - Answers Group that gained the upper hand and holds the power Majority group agenda - Answers They want to keep their power Majority group and advantage - Answers They see their loss of advantage as discrimination Prejudice - Answers Rigid opinions of all members of a group Stereotypes - Answers Overgeneralizations based on prejudice Selective perception - Answers Prejudiced people only notice behaviors that support their stereotypes Discrimination - Answers Unequal treatment of groups without considering merit, ability, or past performance Isms - Answers Describe particularly potent discrimination that occurs at an institutional level Institutional racism - Answers Established ways of doing things that keep racial groups at a disadvantage Red-lining - Answers Institutional racism; banks don't let certain geographic areas buy houses, and these certain areas are populated by certain minorities Examples of institutional racism - Answers Red-lining, cuts in federal budget, prison sentences Functionalism and racism - Answers Prejudice creates in-group solidarity; is truly dysfunctional bc it destroys relationships Conflict theory and racism - Answers Racism is a direct result of manipulation by capitalists to pit races against each other so they don't realize what the real problem is Interactionism and racism - Answers Labeling theory; we learn racism and racial identities AAA on race - Answers Race was established to make colonists feel better about slavery Gender polarization - Answers Process by which one's gender increases the probability that your life will turn out a certain way Functionalism and gender - Answers Sexual division of labor formed to meet survival needs; gender inequality is positive because it divides labor Criticism of functionalism and gender - Answers A female has power, but it's not a meritocracy Conflict theory and gender - Answers Men create inequality to stay in power Interactionism and gender - Answers Kids learn cultural symbols through socialization and labeling theory; symbolism of male dominance Gender markers - Answers Symbols that identify a person's gender Gender and work - Answers Job descriptions influence whether the job is male or female Institutionalized gender - Answers Segregation of sexes; one sex is empowered and the other is not Deviance - Answers a violation of social norms that offend lots of people or the people in power; is a social construct Socialization and deviance - Answers Socialization is most powerful instrument of social control Labeling theory and deviance - Answers People attach certain meanings to certain actions Deviance and social control - Answers They rely on each other for existence; no action is deviant in and of itself Revisionist theory - Answers Once you know someone is deviant, you think back to past