Yellow border - Stuff that we can understand with some research on our part
Blue border - Stuff that are resolved, understood, there for us to revise etc
MANIFESTING POSITIVITY! <143
JUST ABOUT ANYTHING CAN BE LEARNED. PRACTICE, PRACTICE, PRACTICE.
** Give the answer in the same UNIT given in the question**
Nuclear Physics:
State the social, economic or environmental issues involved in the storage of
radioactive materials with very long half-lives:
Economic: High cost of storage/ shielding/ guarding/ need to store for a long time,
reduction in tourism, loss of farming produce/ land, reduction of land/property values.
Social: Fear of cancer/ causes cancer/ genetic mutations /radiation/ sickness in people/
animals, local objections, cause people to move away.
Environmental: Crop mutations/ leakage into water supplies/ pollution of
atmosphere/water supply
Name the type of nuclear reaction taking place in the Sun: Nuclear fusion
Many of the charged particles produced by the Sun are emitted from its surface at
high speeds and travel out into space. Explain why these particles constitute an
electric current: Current is the movement of charged particles (charges are moving and
current is the rate of flow of charge)
When α-particles pass through air, they are more strongly ionising than β-particles.
Suggest two reasons why this is so: Larger charge, slower moving, more massive,
greater volume/ more chance of collision, more (kinetic) energy. (Though alpha particles
are slower moving than beta particles, they have a higher mass and thus have more
kinetic energy than beta particles)
Explain why, when the activity has become 15 Bq, much of the sample will no longer
be thorium-232: idea of decay OR change in proton/neutron/nucleon number OR
change into another nuclide/isotope/element/type of atom OR emits α/β particle
(ignore γ / radiation)
The sample of thorium-232 is used in an experiment in a laboratory. Explain why its
activity may be regarded as constant: idea of insignificant change in activity during
stated time OR experiment time insignificant c.f. 1.4 × 10^10 years OR long half life OR
long time to decay.
Very small quantities of a radioactive isotope are used to check the circulation of
blood by injecting the isotope into the bloodstream. Describe how the results are
,obtained: Use a detector to pick up radiation (from isotope at points on/in body etc.)
high count where circulation is good.
Nuclear fusion - The joining of two light/small nuclei, which produces a bigger/ heavier
and more stable nucleus. The nucleus formed is of a different element. Nuclear fusion
produces energy. This proves that mass can be converted to energy. When the two
small nuclei join together, some mass is lost. This ‘lost’ mass gets converted into energy,
which is released as radiation. Fusion energy release > Fission energy release.
A beam of α-particles and β-particles passes, in a vacuum, between the poles of a
strong magnet. Compare the deflections of the paths of the two types of particle: α
and β deflected in opposite directions, β deflected more (than α), deflections
perpendicular to field direction and to paths of particle, paths of particles are curves /
circular / arcs.
β-particles in an electric field: Curved path, (deflected/attracted) towards positively
charged plate OR in opposite direction to field
The half-life of the isotope used is *sensible half-life*. Explain why an isotope with
this half-life is suitable: long enough time to detect the leak (based on the question),
short enough to disappear before it's a hazard to the environment.
Social, economic or environmental issues involved in the storage of radioactive
materials with very long half-lives:
,Thermal Physics:
Brownian Motion - The random, fast moving and light air molecules collide with the
smoke particles at high speeds, changing the direction of the random movement of the
smoke particles. (Zigzag)
Motion of gas molecules:
,
Blue border - Stuff that are resolved, understood, there for us to revise etc
MANIFESTING POSITIVITY! <143
JUST ABOUT ANYTHING CAN BE LEARNED. PRACTICE, PRACTICE, PRACTICE.
** Give the answer in the same UNIT given in the question**
Nuclear Physics:
State the social, economic or environmental issues involved in the storage of
radioactive materials with very long half-lives:
Economic: High cost of storage/ shielding/ guarding/ need to store for a long time,
reduction in tourism, loss of farming produce/ land, reduction of land/property values.
Social: Fear of cancer/ causes cancer/ genetic mutations /radiation/ sickness in people/
animals, local objections, cause people to move away.
Environmental: Crop mutations/ leakage into water supplies/ pollution of
atmosphere/water supply
Name the type of nuclear reaction taking place in the Sun: Nuclear fusion
Many of the charged particles produced by the Sun are emitted from its surface at
high speeds and travel out into space. Explain why these particles constitute an
electric current: Current is the movement of charged particles (charges are moving and
current is the rate of flow of charge)
When α-particles pass through air, they are more strongly ionising than β-particles.
Suggest two reasons why this is so: Larger charge, slower moving, more massive,
greater volume/ more chance of collision, more (kinetic) energy. (Though alpha particles
are slower moving than beta particles, they have a higher mass and thus have more
kinetic energy than beta particles)
Explain why, when the activity has become 15 Bq, much of the sample will no longer
be thorium-232: idea of decay OR change in proton/neutron/nucleon number OR
change into another nuclide/isotope/element/type of atom OR emits α/β particle
(ignore γ / radiation)
The sample of thorium-232 is used in an experiment in a laboratory. Explain why its
activity may be regarded as constant: idea of insignificant change in activity during
stated time OR experiment time insignificant c.f. 1.4 × 10^10 years OR long half life OR
long time to decay.
Very small quantities of a radioactive isotope are used to check the circulation of
blood by injecting the isotope into the bloodstream. Describe how the results are
,obtained: Use a detector to pick up radiation (from isotope at points on/in body etc.)
high count where circulation is good.
Nuclear fusion - The joining of two light/small nuclei, which produces a bigger/ heavier
and more stable nucleus. The nucleus formed is of a different element. Nuclear fusion
produces energy. This proves that mass can be converted to energy. When the two
small nuclei join together, some mass is lost. This ‘lost’ mass gets converted into energy,
which is released as radiation. Fusion energy release > Fission energy release.
A beam of α-particles and β-particles passes, in a vacuum, between the poles of a
strong magnet. Compare the deflections of the paths of the two types of particle: α
and β deflected in opposite directions, β deflected more (than α), deflections
perpendicular to field direction and to paths of particle, paths of particles are curves /
circular / arcs.
β-particles in an electric field: Curved path, (deflected/attracted) towards positively
charged plate OR in opposite direction to field
The half-life of the isotope used is *sensible half-life*. Explain why an isotope with
this half-life is suitable: long enough time to detect the leak (based on the question),
short enough to disappear before it's a hazard to the environment.
Social, economic or environmental issues involved in the storage of radioactive
materials with very long half-lives:
,Thermal Physics:
Brownian Motion - The random, fast moving and light air molecules collide with the
smoke particles at high speeds, changing the direction of the random movement of the
smoke particles. (Zigzag)
Motion of gas molecules:
,
