NURS 213 PROCTORED EXAM 5 2024
x x x x x x
x
Disease xprocess x - x etiology, x pathogenesis, x morphologic x changes, x clinical
xmanifestations, x
x
diagnosis, xand x clinical
xcourse
x
immunosenescence x- xthe xweakening xof xboth xthe xinnate xand xadaptive ximmune xsystem
xwith x
x
increasing
xage
x
Multicausality x- xthe xcombination xof xinternal xprocesses xand xinfluences xfrom xthe
xenvironment x
x
that xcause xcell xchanges xwith
xaging
x
physiological xreserve x- xdecrease xin xthe xability xto xrepair xdamage x
x
Senescence x- xprogressive xloss xof xability xto xreplicate xover xtime x
x
Apoptosis x- xgenetically xprogrammed xcell xdeath. xex xovaries xduring xmenopause x
x
necrosis x- xcells xdie xdue xto xstressors x
x
infarction x- xconsequence xof xprolonged xischemia x. xex- xmyocardial xinfarction x
x
gangrene x- xprolonged xischemia xinfarction xand xnecrosis xthen xare xexposed xto xbacteria xthat
xthrive x
x
on xdead
xtissue
x
atrophy x- xcells xrevert xto xsmaller xsize. xloss xof xhormonal xstimulation, xmalnutrition,
xischemia, x
x
age
x
hypertrophy x- xincrease xin xcell xsize
xphysiological- xnormal xwith xexercise x
pathological- xincrease xwithout xincrease xin xsupportive xstructures x(high xbp xhigher xworkload
xfor xLV) x
x
hyperplasia x- xincrease xin xnumber xof xcells. xpregnancy xstimulates xmitotic xdivision xof
xbreast x
x
gland xcells.
xkeloid
x
metaplasia x- xreplacement xof xone xtype xof xtissue xinto xa xform xthat xis xnot xnormally xfound
xthere. x
x
ex.
xGERD
x
dysphagia x- xderanges xcell xgrowth, xprecancerous. xex. xcervical xplasia xseen xin xpap xsmear.. x
x
,anaplasia x- xcancerous x
x
hypoxic xcell xinjury x- xmost xcommon; xischemia, xanemia, xlow xoxygen
xenvironments, x
x
pneumonia, xsuffocation, xairway
xobstruction
x
free xradical xcell xinjury x- xoxidative xphosphorylation, xsmall xamount xof xreactive xo2 xmolecules
xare x
x
byproducts. xpresent xin xcigarette xsmoke xand xtoxins. xdamages xthe xcells xDNA. xcounteract
xwith
x
antioxidants x(vitamins
xA,E,C)
x
Acute xinflammation xstage x1 x- xvascular xpermeability; xhistamine xand xbradykinin xenable
xvasodilation, xmore xpermeable xpermitting xfluids, xWBC, xand xplatelets xto xtravel xin. xArea xis
xwarm xand xred x(erythema) xand xswollen. x
x
acute xinflammation xstage x2 x- xcellular xchemotaxis; xchemical xsignal xattracts xmore xplatelets
xand xWBC xto xsite. xWBC-cytokines, xmodulate xby xactivating xor xinhibiting xresponse.
xmargination- xwbc xline xup x
x
acute xinflammation xstage x3 x- xsystemic xresponse; xsymptoms xthroughout xbody, xfever,
xpain x
x
lymphadenopathy, xlethargy,
xetc
x
chonic xinflammation x- xcharacterized xby xmacrophages; xcause xtissue xdamage. xgranuloma-
xwhere xmacrophages xhave xaggregated xand xtransform xinto xepithelial xlike xcells xleading xto
xtubercle. x
x
Acute xinlammation x- xcharacterized xby xneutrophils; xfirst xto xsite x
x
Skin xwound xhealing x(3 xprocesses) x- x1-inflammation x
2-proliferation, xfibroblast xsynthesizes xcollagen, xform xgranulation xtissue. x x
3-maturation xand xremodeling x
x
exudate x- xpurulent xdrainage. xfluid xleaving xcapillaries xis xprotein xrich xfiltrate xcontaining
xwbc, x
x
microbial xorganisms, xand xcellular
xdebris
x
primary xintention x- x-Clean xlaceration xthat xrequires xsimple xre-epithelialization xwhen xedges
xare x
x
approximated
x
•Example: xSurgical xLaceration x
x
secondary xintention x- x-A xwound xwith xa xlarge xgap xin
xtissue
x
-some xof xthe xtissue xhas xbeen xgouged
xout
, x
Ex. x decubitus
xulcer
x
tertiary xintention x- xlarge xgap xfrom xmissing xtissue xhas xbeen xcontaminated xand xneeds
xdrainage x
x
tube xwhile xhealing xrequires
xskingraft
x
mast xcells x- xrelease xhistamine x
x
histamine x- x-inflammatory xmediator xreleased xfrom xbasophils, xplatelets, xand xmast
xcells.
x
-causes
xvasodilation
x
-sneezing, xrunny xnose, xeye xtearing xare xconsequences xof xhistamine xreleased xin
xURT
x
-benedryl xis
xantihistamine
x
5 xcardinal xsigns xof xinflammation x- xheat, xredness, xswelling, xpain, xloss xof xfunction x
x
Chromosomal xabberation x- xalteration xin xthe xchromosome xstructure; xbreakage x
x
-polyploidy; xmore xthan xthe xdiploid xnumber xof xeach xchromosome. xtriploid x(3 xcopies)
xtetraploid x
x
(4 xcopies). xNeither
xsurvive
x
-aneuploidy; xdoes xnot xcontain xmultiple xof x23. xtrisomy x(3 xcopies xof x1 xchromosome)
xmonosomy x
x
(1 xcopy xof xany
xchromosome)
x
Autosomal xAneuploidy x- xDown xsyndrome x(trisomy x21) x
x
not xsex xlinked x x
x
80% xhave xlower xIQ, x40% xhave xheart xdisease, xleukemia xrisk, xweak ximmune xsystem,
xadults x
x
susceptible xto xearly xAlzheimers xdisease, xall xmales
xsterile
x
Sex xChromosome xAneuploidy x- xTurner xsyndrome; xfemales xwith xone xX.
xunderdeveloped x
x
breasts, xshort xstature, xedema, xwebbing xof xthe xneck, xbroad xchest, xwide
xnipples
x
Klinefelter xsyndrome; xat xleast x2 xX's xand xone xY x(XXY), xabnormalities xincrease xwith xeach
xadditional xX. xtestosterone xdeficiency, xdevelop xmale xbreasts x(gynomastia), xsmall xtestes
xsparse xbody xhair, xdecrease xmuscle xmass, xosteoporosis. x
x
Single xGene xDisorders x- xautosominal xdominant x
x
autosominal xrecessive x
, x
sex xlinked x
x
Autosominal xdominant x- x-no xcarries x
-Marfans xsyndrome; xconnective xtissue xdisorder. xmostly xin xmales, xlong xarms xand xfingers
xconcave xchest. xhypermoble xligaments, xrisk xfor xvalve xfailure x
-Huntingtons xdisease; xdegeneration xof xspecific xneurons xin xbasal xganglia xand xcortex,
xchorea x(movement xdisorder) xflailing xof xextremities x
x
Autosominal xrecessive x- x-affected xchild xhave x2 xrecessive xgenes x
x
-cystic xfibrosis- xrespiratory xand xpancreas, xthick xmucous xblocks
xducts. x
x
-sickle xcell- xrbc xconcave xget xjammed xin
xcapillaries
x
Sex-linked x- xLocated xon xthe xX xchromosome. xmore xapparent xin xmales xbecause xthe xY
xcannot x
x
silence xout xaffected xX. xex
xhemophilia
x
multifactorial xinheritance x- xmajority xof xdiseases xare xcasued xby xcombination xof
xinherated x
x
susceptibilty xenviromental xfactors xthat xtrigger
xdisorder.
x
kayotype x- xA xpicture xof xall xthe xchromosomes xin xa xcell xarranged xin xpairs x
x
genotype x- xgenetic xmakeup xof xan xorganism x
x
Phenotype x- xAn xorganism's xphysical xappearance, xor xvisible xtraits. x
x
Penetrance x- xsymptoms xevidence, xratio xof xgenotype xcompared xto xphenotype x
x
Nondisjunction x- xthe xfailure xof xone xor xmore xpairs xof xhomologous xchromosomes xor xsister
xchromatids xto xseparate xnormally xduring xnuclear xdivision, xusually xresulting xin xan
xabnormal xdistribution xof xchromosomes xin xthe xdaughter xnuclei. x(abberation) x
x
transcription x- xmRNA xmoves xour xof xnucleus xinto xthe xcytoplasm x
x
translation x- xpolypeptide xsynthesis xinteracting xwith xthe xtransfer xof xRNA x(tRNA) x
x
RNA x- xactual xprotein xsynthesis xoccurs xin xribosome xof xprotein xand xribosomal xRNA x
x
recurrence xrisk x- xprobability xthan xan xindividual xwill xdevelop xa xgenetic xdisease. xmust
xremember x
x
each xbirth xis xand xindependent
xevent.
x
Benign xtumor x - x -grow
xslowly x
x
-non
xinvasive
x
-well x
xdifferentiated
x x x x x x
x
Disease xprocess x - x etiology, x pathogenesis, x morphologic x changes, x clinical
xmanifestations, x
x
diagnosis, xand x clinical
xcourse
x
immunosenescence x- xthe xweakening xof xboth xthe xinnate xand xadaptive ximmune xsystem
xwith x
x
increasing
xage
x
Multicausality x- xthe xcombination xof xinternal xprocesses xand xinfluences xfrom xthe
xenvironment x
x
that xcause xcell xchanges xwith
xaging
x
physiological xreserve x- xdecrease xin xthe xability xto xrepair xdamage x
x
Senescence x- xprogressive xloss xof xability xto xreplicate xover xtime x
x
Apoptosis x- xgenetically xprogrammed xcell xdeath. xex xovaries xduring xmenopause x
x
necrosis x- xcells xdie xdue xto xstressors x
x
infarction x- xconsequence xof xprolonged xischemia x. xex- xmyocardial xinfarction x
x
gangrene x- xprolonged xischemia xinfarction xand xnecrosis xthen xare xexposed xto xbacteria xthat
xthrive x
x
on xdead
xtissue
x
atrophy x- xcells xrevert xto xsmaller xsize. xloss xof xhormonal xstimulation, xmalnutrition,
xischemia, x
x
age
x
hypertrophy x- xincrease xin xcell xsize
xphysiological- xnormal xwith xexercise x
pathological- xincrease xwithout xincrease xin xsupportive xstructures x(high xbp xhigher xworkload
xfor xLV) x
x
hyperplasia x- xincrease xin xnumber xof xcells. xpregnancy xstimulates xmitotic xdivision xof
xbreast x
x
gland xcells.
xkeloid
x
metaplasia x- xreplacement xof xone xtype xof xtissue xinto xa xform xthat xis xnot xnormally xfound
xthere. x
x
ex.
xGERD
x
dysphagia x- xderanges xcell xgrowth, xprecancerous. xex. xcervical xplasia xseen xin xpap xsmear.. x
x
,anaplasia x- xcancerous x
x
hypoxic xcell xinjury x- xmost xcommon; xischemia, xanemia, xlow xoxygen
xenvironments, x
x
pneumonia, xsuffocation, xairway
xobstruction
x
free xradical xcell xinjury x- xoxidative xphosphorylation, xsmall xamount xof xreactive xo2 xmolecules
xare x
x
byproducts. xpresent xin xcigarette xsmoke xand xtoxins. xdamages xthe xcells xDNA. xcounteract
xwith
x
antioxidants x(vitamins
xA,E,C)
x
Acute xinflammation xstage x1 x- xvascular xpermeability; xhistamine xand xbradykinin xenable
xvasodilation, xmore xpermeable xpermitting xfluids, xWBC, xand xplatelets xto xtravel xin. xArea xis
xwarm xand xred x(erythema) xand xswollen. x
x
acute xinflammation xstage x2 x- xcellular xchemotaxis; xchemical xsignal xattracts xmore xplatelets
xand xWBC xto xsite. xWBC-cytokines, xmodulate xby xactivating xor xinhibiting xresponse.
xmargination- xwbc xline xup x
x
acute xinflammation xstage x3 x- xsystemic xresponse; xsymptoms xthroughout xbody, xfever,
xpain x
x
lymphadenopathy, xlethargy,
xetc
x
chonic xinflammation x- xcharacterized xby xmacrophages; xcause xtissue xdamage. xgranuloma-
xwhere xmacrophages xhave xaggregated xand xtransform xinto xepithelial xlike xcells xleading xto
xtubercle. x
x
Acute xinlammation x- xcharacterized xby xneutrophils; xfirst xto xsite x
x
Skin xwound xhealing x(3 xprocesses) x- x1-inflammation x
2-proliferation, xfibroblast xsynthesizes xcollagen, xform xgranulation xtissue. x x
3-maturation xand xremodeling x
x
exudate x- xpurulent xdrainage. xfluid xleaving xcapillaries xis xprotein xrich xfiltrate xcontaining
xwbc, x
x
microbial xorganisms, xand xcellular
xdebris
x
primary xintention x- x-Clean xlaceration xthat xrequires xsimple xre-epithelialization xwhen xedges
xare x
x
approximated
x
•Example: xSurgical xLaceration x
x
secondary xintention x- x-A xwound xwith xa xlarge xgap xin
xtissue
x
-some xof xthe xtissue xhas xbeen xgouged
xout
, x
Ex. x decubitus
xulcer
x
tertiary xintention x- xlarge xgap xfrom xmissing xtissue xhas xbeen xcontaminated xand xneeds
xdrainage x
x
tube xwhile xhealing xrequires
xskingraft
x
mast xcells x- xrelease xhistamine x
x
histamine x- x-inflammatory xmediator xreleased xfrom xbasophils, xplatelets, xand xmast
xcells.
x
-causes
xvasodilation
x
-sneezing, xrunny xnose, xeye xtearing xare xconsequences xof xhistamine xreleased xin
xURT
x
-benedryl xis
xantihistamine
x
5 xcardinal xsigns xof xinflammation x- xheat, xredness, xswelling, xpain, xloss xof xfunction x
x
Chromosomal xabberation x- xalteration xin xthe xchromosome xstructure; xbreakage x
x
-polyploidy; xmore xthan xthe xdiploid xnumber xof xeach xchromosome. xtriploid x(3 xcopies)
xtetraploid x
x
(4 xcopies). xNeither
xsurvive
x
-aneuploidy; xdoes xnot xcontain xmultiple xof x23. xtrisomy x(3 xcopies xof x1 xchromosome)
xmonosomy x
x
(1 xcopy xof xany
xchromosome)
x
Autosomal xAneuploidy x- xDown xsyndrome x(trisomy x21) x
x
not xsex xlinked x x
x
80% xhave xlower xIQ, x40% xhave xheart xdisease, xleukemia xrisk, xweak ximmune xsystem,
xadults x
x
susceptible xto xearly xAlzheimers xdisease, xall xmales
xsterile
x
Sex xChromosome xAneuploidy x- xTurner xsyndrome; xfemales xwith xone xX.
xunderdeveloped x
x
breasts, xshort xstature, xedema, xwebbing xof xthe xneck, xbroad xchest, xwide
xnipples
x
Klinefelter xsyndrome; xat xleast x2 xX's xand xone xY x(XXY), xabnormalities xincrease xwith xeach
xadditional xX. xtestosterone xdeficiency, xdevelop xmale xbreasts x(gynomastia), xsmall xtestes
xsparse xbody xhair, xdecrease xmuscle xmass, xosteoporosis. x
x
Single xGene xDisorders x- xautosominal xdominant x
x
autosominal xrecessive x
, x
sex xlinked x
x
Autosominal xdominant x- x-no xcarries x
-Marfans xsyndrome; xconnective xtissue xdisorder. xmostly xin xmales, xlong xarms xand xfingers
xconcave xchest. xhypermoble xligaments, xrisk xfor xvalve xfailure x
-Huntingtons xdisease; xdegeneration xof xspecific xneurons xin xbasal xganglia xand xcortex,
xchorea x(movement xdisorder) xflailing xof xextremities x
x
Autosominal xrecessive x- x-affected xchild xhave x2 xrecessive xgenes x
x
-cystic xfibrosis- xrespiratory xand xpancreas, xthick xmucous xblocks
xducts. x
x
-sickle xcell- xrbc xconcave xget xjammed xin
xcapillaries
x
Sex-linked x- xLocated xon xthe xX xchromosome. xmore xapparent xin xmales xbecause xthe xY
xcannot x
x
silence xout xaffected xX. xex
xhemophilia
x
multifactorial xinheritance x- xmajority xof xdiseases xare xcasued xby xcombination xof
xinherated x
x
susceptibilty xenviromental xfactors xthat xtrigger
xdisorder.
x
kayotype x- xA xpicture xof xall xthe xchromosomes xin xa xcell xarranged xin xpairs x
x
genotype x- xgenetic xmakeup xof xan xorganism x
x
Phenotype x- xAn xorganism's xphysical xappearance, xor xvisible xtraits. x
x
Penetrance x- xsymptoms xevidence, xratio xof xgenotype xcompared xto xphenotype x
x
Nondisjunction x- xthe xfailure xof xone xor xmore xpairs xof xhomologous xchromosomes xor xsister
xchromatids xto xseparate xnormally xduring xnuclear xdivision, xusually xresulting xin xan
xabnormal xdistribution xof xchromosomes xin xthe xdaughter xnuclei. x(abberation) x
x
transcription x- xmRNA xmoves xour xof xnucleus xinto xthe xcytoplasm x
x
translation x- xpolypeptide xsynthesis xinteracting xwith xthe xtransfer xof xRNA x(tRNA) x
x
RNA x- xactual xprotein xsynthesis xoccurs xin xribosome xof xprotein xand xribosomal xRNA x
x
recurrence xrisk x- xprobability xthan xan xindividual xwill xdevelop xa xgenetic xdisease. xmust
xremember x
x
each xbirth xis xand xindependent
xevent.
x
Benign xtumor x - x -grow
xslowly x
x
-non
xinvasive
x
-well x
xdifferentiated
