EDU 120 Test 1 exam question/answer graded A+
2024/2025
What are the 5 basic steps of the scientific method? - ✔️✔️1. Begin with curiosity
2. Develop a hypothesis
3. Test the hypothesis
4. Draw conclusions
5. Report the results; replication
Nature vs Nurture - ✔️✔️Influence of genes we inherit vs. environmental influences that
affect our development
Epigenetics - ✔️✔️How environmental factors affect genes and genetic expression
Differential susceptibility - ✔️✔️Hoe environmental experiences differ differ because of
particular inherited genes
Age range: Infancy - ✔️✔️0-2 years
Age range: Early childhood - ✔️✔️2-6 years
Age range: Middle childhood - ✔️✔️6-11 years
Age range: Adolescence - ✔️✔️11-18 years
Age range: Emerging adulthood - ✔️✔️18-25 years
Age range: Adulthood - ✔️✔️25-65 years
Age range: Late adulthood - ✔️✔️65 years old and over
Why are developmentalists reluctant to specify chronological ages for any period of
development? - ✔️✔️Time is one of many variables that affect each person
Development is multidirectional - ✔️✔️Over time, human characteristics change in every
direction; development isn't linear
Pace of change also varies: continuity and discontinuity
Gains and losses appear throughout life and are apparent throughout history
What is the critical period? - ✔️✔️Time when certain things must occur for normal
development
, What is the sensitive period? - ✔️✔️Time when a particular development occurs most
easily
What 3 contexts' make up multi-contextual development? - ✔️✔️Social context
- Everyone who influences each developing person, immediately and over time, directly
and indirectly is included in social context
Historical context
- Cohort
- All persons born within a few years of one another are said to be a cohort, a group
defines by the shared age of its members
Socioeconomic context
- Socioeconomic status (SES): income, wealth, occupation, education, and
neighborhood; underlies every other system
- Age and cohort are entangled with SES
Ecological-systems approach - ✔️✔️Bronfenbrunner
Each person is affected by many social contexts and interpersonal interactions
Three nested levels surround individuals and affect them
this theory is later names bio ecological theory
What is included in Microsystems? - ✔️✔️Elements of the persons immediate
surroundings, such as family and peer group
What is included in ecosystems? - ✔️✔️Local institutions such as church and school
What is included in macrosystems? - ✔️✔️The larger social setting, including cultural
values, economic policies, and political processes
What is included in chronosystem? - ✔️✔️Literally "time system"
Changing conditions, personal and societal, over the life span
Development is multi-cultural - ✔️✔️Vygotsky
- People do not develop in isolation but rather in relationship to the culture of their
community, transmitted by the words, objects, and actions of other people
Culture
- System of shared beliefs, norms, behaviors, and expectations that persist over time
and prescribe social behavior and assumptions
Social construction
- Based on shared perceptions, not on objective reality
Difference or deficit?
- Humans tends to believe that they , their nation, and their culture are better than
others
- Belief becomes destructive if it reduces respect and appreciation for others
- Differences may be assets or a deficit
2024/2025
What are the 5 basic steps of the scientific method? - ✔️✔️1. Begin with curiosity
2. Develop a hypothesis
3. Test the hypothesis
4. Draw conclusions
5. Report the results; replication
Nature vs Nurture - ✔️✔️Influence of genes we inherit vs. environmental influences that
affect our development
Epigenetics - ✔️✔️How environmental factors affect genes and genetic expression
Differential susceptibility - ✔️✔️Hoe environmental experiences differ differ because of
particular inherited genes
Age range: Infancy - ✔️✔️0-2 years
Age range: Early childhood - ✔️✔️2-6 years
Age range: Middle childhood - ✔️✔️6-11 years
Age range: Adolescence - ✔️✔️11-18 years
Age range: Emerging adulthood - ✔️✔️18-25 years
Age range: Adulthood - ✔️✔️25-65 years
Age range: Late adulthood - ✔️✔️65 years old and over
Why are developmentalists reluctant to specify chronological ages for any period of
development? - ✔️✔️Time is one of many variables that affect each person
Development is multidirectional - ✔️✔️Over time, human characteristics change in every
direction; development isn't linear
Pace of change also varies: continuity and discontinuity
Gains and losses appear throughout life and are apparent throughout history
What is the critical period? - ✔️✔️Time when certain things must occur for normal
development
, What is the sensitive period? - ✔️✔️Time when a particular development occurs most
easily
What 3 contexts' make up multi-contextual development? - ✔️✔️Social context
- Everyone who influences each developing person, immediately and over time, directly
and indirectly is included in social context
Historical context
- Cohort
- All persons born within a few years of one another are said to be a cohort, a group
defines by the shared age of its members
Socioeconomic context
- Socioeconomic status (SES): income, wealth, occupation, education, and
neighborhood; underlies every other system
- Age and cohort are entangled with SES
Ecological-systems approach - ✔️✔️Bronfenbrunner
Each person is affected by many social contexts and interpersonal interactions
Three nested levels surround individuals and affect them
this theory is later names bio ecological theory
What is included in Microsystems? - ✔️✔️Elements of the persons immediate
surroundings, such as family and peer group
What is included in ecosystems? - ✔️✔️Local institutions such as church and school
What is included in macrosystems? - ✔️✔️The larger social setting, including cultural
values, economic policies, and political processes
What is included in chronosystem? - ✔️✔️Literally "time system"
Changing conditions, personal and societal, over the life span
Development is multi-cultural - ✔️✔️Vygotsky
- People do not develop in isolation but rather in relationship to the culture of their
community, transmitted by the words, objects, and actions of other people
Culture
- System of shared beliefs, norms, behaviors, and expectations that persist over time
and prescribe social behavior and assumptions
Social construction
- Based on shared perceptions, not on objective reality
Difference or deficit?
- Humans tends to believe that they , their nation, and their culture are better than
others
- Belief becomes destructive if it reduces respect and appreciation for others
- Differences may be assets or a deficit
