BIOLOGY 2350 - FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS.

BIOLOGY 2350 - FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH 100%
CORRECT ANSWERS.


Buffy coat-- Correct Answer ✔✔ layer in centrifuged blood (anticoagulated) between
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blood plasma and RBCs; consists of most of the WBCs and platelets; less than 1% of the
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formed elements; neutrophils are the highest up
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Plasma proteins-- Correct Answer ✔✔ Synthesized by hepatocytes; found only in blood
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plasma:

Albumins 54%, globulins 38%, fibrinogen 7%__ __ __ __ __




Erythrocytes (RBCs)-- Correct Answer ✔✔ hemoglobin in RBC transports most O2 and
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some of the CO2 from lungs to tissues and back again
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Leukocytes (WBCs)-- Correct Answer ✔✔ Protect body from invading pathogens and
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other foreign substances
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Hemopoiesis-- Correct Answer ✔✔ process by which the formed elements of blood__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __




develop; i.e. blood cell production __ __ __ __




Thrombopoietin (TPO)-- Correct Answer ✔✔ hormone, produced by liver, stimulates __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __




formation of platelets from megakaryocytes __ __ __ __




Megakaryoblast-- Correct Answer ✔✔ The precursor to megakaryocyte; myeloid stem __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __




cells develop into megakaryoblasts under influence of thrombopoietin
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Clotting extrinsic pathway-- Correct Answer ✔✔ - occurs rapidly (within seconds)
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- tissue factor leaks into the blood vessel from cells outside blood vessel; initiates
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formation of prothrombinase __ __

,- Tissue factor, in presence of Ca2+, begins sequence of reactions, resulting in activation
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of Clotting Factor X
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- Clotting factor X combines with Factor V (activated by Ca2+) - forming
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prothrombinase

Thrombus-- Correct Answer ✔✔ stationary blood clot __ __ __ __ __ __




agglutinins-- Correct Answer ✔✔ antibodies that bind to red blood cells__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __




Agglutination-- Correct Answer ✔✔ Clustering of cells into masses linked by antibodies __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __




atrioventricular valves (AV)-- Correct Answer ✔✔ Valves located between the atrial and __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __




ventricular chambers on each side of the heart, prevent backflow into the atria when the
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ventricles are contracting.
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semilunar valves (SL)-- Correct Answer ✔✔ Located between the two ventricular
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chambers and the large arteries that carry blood away from the heart; allows blood into
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arteries but prevents back flow into ventricles
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pulmonary circulation-- Correct Answer ✔✔ flow of blood from the heart to the lungs
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and back to the heart
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pulmonary trunk branches into...-- Correct Answer ✔✔ right and left pulmonary arteries
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intercalated discs-- Correct Answer ✔✔ specialized connections between myocardial
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cells containing gap junctions and desmosomes
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gap junctions-- Correct Answer ✔✔ allow rapid conduction of muscle action potentials;
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allow the entire myocardium of the atria or ventricles to contract as a single,
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coordinated unit __




Cardiac Action Potential-- Correct Answer ✔✔ action potential is initiated by SA node,
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travels along the conduction system and spreads out to excite the "working" atrial and
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ventricular muscle fibers; contractile fibers are the "working" cardiac muscle fibers -
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atrial and ventricular muscle fiber cells that contract when excited by the action potential
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propagated by the SA node
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, cardiac depolarization-- Correct Answer ✔✔ contractile fibers have a stable resting
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membrane potential around 90 mV; when brought to threshold by an action potential
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from neighboring fibers, voltage-gated fast Na+ channels open
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Cardiac repolarization-- Correct Answer ✔✔ recovery of the resting membrane
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potential; after a delay (prolonged in cardiac muscles), additional voltage-gated K+
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channels open - outflow of K+ restores the negative resting membrane potential (-90
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mV)

P wave-- Correct Answer ✔✔ atrial depolarization
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QRS complex-- Correct Answer ✔✔ ventricular depolarization
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T wave-- Correct Answer ✔✔ ventricular repolarization (diastole)
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Atrial premature contraction (APC)-- Correct Answer ✔✔ ventricular systole event -
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heartbeat that occurs earlier than expected and briefly interrupts the normal heart
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rhythm; it causes a sensation of a skipped heartbeat followed by more forceful heartbeat;
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APCs originate in the atrial myocardium and are common in healthy individuals
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cardiac cycle-- Correct Answer ✔✔ A complete heartbeat consisting of contraction and
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relaxation of both atria and both ventricles __ __ __ __ __ __




Systole-- Correct Answer ✔✔ contraction phase of the heartbeat
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Diastole-- Correct Answer ✔✔ Relaxation of the heart __ __ __ __ __ __ __




ventricular diastole-- Correct Answer ✔✔ relaxation of the ventricles
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stroke volume-- Correct Answer ✔✔ The amount of blood ejected from the heart in
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one contraction.
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cardiac output-- Correct Answer ✔✔ the volume of blood ejected from the ventricle
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into the aorta or pulmonary trunk each minute
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