Exam 3: Learning: Classical conditioning,
operant conditioning, and observational
learning UPDATED ACTUAL Exam
Questions and CORRECT Answers
Learning - CORRECT ANSWER - a process that produces a relatively enduring change in
behavior or knowledge as a result of experience
Types of Learning - CORRECT ANSWER - 1. Classical conditioning
2. Operant conditioning
3. Observational learning
Classical conditioning - CORRECT ANSWER - learning through association; learning to
connect a neutral stimulus with a meaningful one; stimulus => response
ex: fun dip and WI story, Watson and Little Albert, Pavlov's dog
Pavlov's study - CORRECT ANSWER - the ringing of a bell and the presentation of food are
repeatedly paired. When the food is no longer presented, the dogs salivate to the sound of just the
bell. (classical conditioning)
Conditioned - CORRECT ANSWER - learned (CC)
Unconditioned - CORRECT ANSWER - you already know how to do this; it does not need to
be learned (CC)
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) - CORRECT ANSWER - a stimulus that naturally triggers a
response (ex: meat) (CC)
, Unconditioned response (UCR) - CORRECT ANSWER - the naturally occurring response to
the UCS
UCS ----> UCR (ex: salivating to meat) (CC)
Neutral stimulus - CORRECT ANSWER - something that does not usually produce a
response; paired with unconditioned stimulus; becomes conditioned stimulus (ex. bell (NS)
paired with meat (UCS) induces a salivary response) (CC)
Conditioned stimulus (CS) - CORRECT ANSWER - originally is neutral; during conditioning
is paired with the UCS to trigger a response (CC)
Conditioned response (CR) - CORRECT ANSWER - the learned reaction prompted by the CS
CS -----> CR
(ex: salivating to bell) (CC)
John B. Watson - CORRECT ANSWER - Founder of Behaviorism.
Little Albert experiments: taught baby to fear white rat by striking a bar each time Albert touched
rat. Generalization occurred and Albert grew to fear furry things that were similar to a rat. Note:
phobias are conditioned responses (CC)
Acquisition - CORRECT ANSWER - acquiring a new response to a new stimulus
In fun dip and WI example: US=fun dip, UR=salivate when eat fun dip, NS="WI" paired with
fun dip in hopes that "WI" would make you salivate. (CC)
Generalization - CORRECT ANSWER - a learned response occurs (CR) in reference to other
similar stimuli
ex: if Pavlov used a whistle in addition to bell so that dog salivates at both bell and whistle (CC)
Higher-order conditioning - CORRECT ANSWER - pair new NS with CS and see if can get
new CR to happen to the new NS
ex: introduce bell and blue light, take away bell and see if dog salivates with blue light (CC)
operant conditioning, and observational
learning UPDATED ACTUAL Exam
Questions and CORRECT Answers
Learning - CORRECT ANSWER - a process that produces a relatively enduring change in
behavior or knowledge as a result of experience
Types of Learning - CORRECT ANSWER - 1. Classical conditioning
2. Operant conditioning
3. Observational learning
Classical conditioning - CORRECT ANSWER - learning through association; learning to
connect a neutral stimulus with a meaningful one; stimulus => response
ex: fun dip and WI story, Watson and Little Albert, Pavlov's dog
Pavlov's study - CORRECT ANSWER - the ringing of a bell and the presentation of food are
repeatedly paired. When the food is no longer presented, the dogs salivate to the sound of just the
bell. (classical conditioning)
Conditioned - CORRECT ANSWER - learned (CC)
Unconditioned - CORRECT ANSWER - you already know how to do this; it does not need to
be learned (CC)
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) - CORRECT ANSWER - a stimulus that naturally triggers a
response (ex: meat) (CC)
, Unconditioned response (UCR) - CORRECT ANSWER - the naturally occurring response to
the UCS
UCS ----> UCR (ex: salivating to meat) (CC)
Neutral stimulus - CORRECT ANSWER - something that does not usually produce a
response; paired with unconditioned stimulus; becomes conditioned stimulus (ex. bell (NS)
paired with meat (UCS) induces a salivary response) (CC)
Conditioned stimulus (CS) - CORRECT ANSWER - originally is neutral; during conditioning
is paired with the UCS to trigger a response (CC)
Conditioned response (CR) - CORRECT ANSWER - the learned reaction prompted by the CS
CS -----> CR
(ex: salivating to bell) (CC)
John B. Watson - CORRECT ANSWER - Founder of Behaviorism.
Little Albert experiments: taught baby to fear white rat by striking a bar each time Albert touched
rat. Generalization occurred and Albert grew to fear furry things that were similar to a rat. Note:
phobias are conditioned responses (CC)
Acquisition - CORRECT ANSWER - acquiring a new response to a new stimulus
In fun dip and WI example: US=fun dip, UR=salivate when eat fun dip, NS="WI" paired with
fun dip in hopes that "WI" would make you salivate. (CC)
Generalization - CORRECT ANSWER - a learned response occurs (CR) in reference to other
similar stimuli
ex: if Pavlov used a whistle in addition to bell so that dog salivates at both bell and whistle (CC)
Higher-order conditioning - CORRECT ANSWER - pair new NS with CS and see if can get
new CR to happen to the new NS
ex: introduce bell and blue light, take away bell and see if dog salivates with blue light (CC)
