Biochem Module 8 Exam Questions Fully Solved Latest Update 2025 Already Passed

Biochem Module 8 Exam Questions Fully Solved Latest Update 2025 Already Passed what form of glucose is added to glycogen in glycogen synthesis? - Answers UDP-glucose How is UDP-glucose synthesized? Enzyme? Is this reaction reversible? What drives it? - Answers glucose-1-phosphate and UTP UDP-glucose pyrophosohorylase yes hydrolysis of PP new glucose units are added to the ____ terminal residues of glycogen - Answers nonreducing UDP is replaced by the ____ group at C_ of the glycogen molecule - Answers hydroxyl, 4 glycogen synthesis is catalyzed by the enzyme _____ - Answers glycogen synthase primer for glycogen synthesis - Answers glycogenin how are branches formed during glycogen synthesis? - Answers branching enzyme moves a chain True of false: the activated form of glycogen synthase is phosphorylated - Answers false what stabilizes the inactive form of glycogen synthase - Answers G6P glycogen synthase kinase is under the control of ____ and _____ - Answers insulin, protein kinase A _____ catalyzes the regeneration of UTP from UDP does this reaction require ATP - Answers nucleoside diphosphokinase yes __ molecules of ATP are hydorlyzed to incorporate dietary glucose into glycogen. Glycogen-derived glucose generates __ molecules of ATP - Answers 2 31 how are glycogen synthesis and breakdown reciprocally regulated? what hormones regulate? - Answers protein kinase A glucagon and epinephrine Protein kinase A ____ a phosphoryl group to phosphorylase kinase, _____ glycogen breakdown. Glycogen synthase kinase and protein kinase A ____ a phosphoryl group to glycogen synthase, _____ glycogen synthesis. - Answers add, stimulating add, inhibiting Protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) _____ phosphorylase a and phosphorylase kinase by _____ and ____ phosphoryl groups from glycogen synthase, _____ it. - Answers inactivates, dephosphorylation, removes, activating insulin ____ glycogen synthesis by ____ glycogen synthase kinase - Answers stimulates, inactivating Glycogen metabolism in the liver regulates ______ - Answers blood-glucose concentration _____ is the glucose sensor in liver cells - Answers phosphorylase a The conversion of phosphorylase a into b is accompanied by the release of PP1, which ____ glycogen synthase and ____ glycogen phosphorylase - Answers activate, inactivate In the preparatory step of fatty acid synthesis, ____ is transferred from the ____, where it is produced, to the ____, the site of fatty acid synthesis. It is transported in the form of ____, which is cleaved to yield _____ and _____. - Answers Acetyl CoA mitochondria, cytoplasm citrate acetyl CoA, oxaloacetate Fatty acid synthesis begins in the ____, with the activation of ____ in a two-step reaction to _____ - Answers cytoplasm acetyl CoA, malonyl CoA fatty acids are synthesized ___ carbons at a time - Answers 2 for fatty acid synthesis ____ carries ____ from ___ to ____ - Answers citrate, acetyl groups, mitochondria, cytoplasm the cleavage of citrate is catalyzed by ____, which is stimulated by ____ - Answers ATP-citrate lyase insulin what are the three sources of NADPH for fatty acid synthesis? - Answers malate dehydrogenase NAP+-linked malate enzyme pyruvate carboxylase ____ molecule of NADPH is generated for each molecule of acetyl CoA that is transferred from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm. The additional molecules of NAPH needed come from the ____ - Answers one pentose phosphate pathway the formation of ____ is the committed step in fatty acid synthesis. catalyzed by ____ - Answers malonyl CoA acetyl CoA carboxylase 1 fatty acid elongation begins when acetyl CoA and malonyl CoA react with _____ - Answers acyl carrier protein (ACP) odd numbered fatty acid chains start with _____ - Answers propionyl ACP ____ releases the chain from the carrier protein - Answers thioesterase the synthesis of palmitate requires ___ molecules of acetyl CoA, ___ molecules of NADPH, and __ molecules of ATP - Answers 8, 14, 7 in tumor cells, the enzymes for fatty acid synthesis are ____ - Answers expressed enzymes that introduce double bonds are found in the _____ - Answers ER membrane _____ is a key regulator of fatty acid metabolism - Answers acetyl CoA carboxylase acetyl CoA carboxylase is turned __ by phosphorylation and turned __ by dephosphorylation - Answers off, on AMP-activated protein kinase converts carboxylase into an ___ form - Answers inactive carboxylase is inactivated when energy charge is ___ - Answers low carboxylase is _____ by citrate - Answers stimulated carboxylase is ____ by palmitoyl CoA - Answers inhibited carboxylase is ____ by insulin and ____ by glucagon and epinephrine - Answers stimulated, inhibited Ethanol ____ gluconeogenesis, causes ____ of lactate, ___glycogemia, lactic ____, ____ fatty acid oxidation, ____ of ketone bodies, ____ of acetylaldehyde - Answers inhibits, accumulation, hypo,