Community Blueprint Quiz #2
Communicable Diseases Part 2-
Chapter 15, Module 5, Communicable Disease
HIV: natural history, Epidemiology, Perinatal/Pediatric disease
o Natural history- Three stages
Primary infection-
Within about 1 month of contracting virus
Clinical latency-
When body shows no symptoms
Use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has greatly
increased survival time of persons with HIV/AIDS
Symptomatic disease (AIDS)-
CD4 T-lymphocyte count less than 200/mL with documented HIV
infection
AIDS-related opportunistic infections
Understand the stages (acute, clinical latency, AIDS)
o Epidemiology-
First case of AIDS identified in 1981
Worldwide 39 million people lives with HIV infection
53% of those infected are women/girls
Highest prevalence of HIV is in Southern/Eastern Africa (20.8M)
Asia/Pacific (6.5M)
Western/Central Africa (4.8M)
Treatment for HIV infection has been given higher priority
Incidence of HIV has decreased since 2010
HIV is transmitted through blood, sexual, contact, and from mother to child during birth
or breastfeeding
o Perinatal/Pediatric disease-
Perinatal transmission-
Accounts for nearly all HIV infection in children and can occur
during pregnancy, labor and delivery, or breastfeeding
Recommendation-
Make HIV testing routine part of prenatal care
Initiate ART (Transmission rates drop from 35-45% to <2%)
SVD is acceptable with low viral loads
Pediatric infection-
>90% of Pediatric HIV cases from perinatal transmission
In general, children <5 years old are 2-9x more likely to die from
HIV infection
Children of HIV parents at much higher risk of becoming orphans
, Despite having an HIV-infected mother, many children do not
acquire HIV/AIDS.
One or both parents may die, thus indirectly affecting the health of
the child.
Prevention of maternal-to-child transmission (antiretroviral therapy ART) during
pregnancy, labor, breastfeeding)
• Syphilis – focus on newborn syphilis-
o Infects moist mucous/cutaneous membranes
o Direct contact-
Sexual contact/mother-fetus
Blood transfusion (early-stage donor)
o Clinical signs-
Primary-
Single painless, open sore (chancre) appears 3-6 weeks after
exposure
Secondary-
Spreads through body, non-itchy rash
Weight loss
Fatigue
Enlarged lymph nodes (often becomes latent)
Tertiary-
End organ damage occurs in 30–40% of people who do not
get treatment
o Almost 9 in 10 cases of newborn syphillis in 2022 might have been prevented
with timely testing and treatment during pregnancy
o Nearly 40% were among mothers who were not in prenatal care
o Key Determinants of whether a child is born with Syphillis-
Where the pregnant person lives
Race/Ethnicity-
Pregnant people of color 8x more likely to have newborn
with Syphillis
Congenital syphilis occurs when a mother transmits the infection to her baby during
pregnancy. Early detection and treatment of pregnant women with syphilis are critical.
• HAV (Hepatitis V Virus)– transmission, why has incidence gone down?
o Most common transmission-
Fecal-oral route
Sources= Water, food, feces, sexual contact
Found worldwide
Mainly fecal-oral route, often through contaminated food, water
o Incidence has gone down due to vaccine-
Incidence has declined 92%
, Makes HAV completely preventable
Due to improved sanitation, better hygiene, and vaccination efforts
• TB – 8 countries that account for 2/3 of all cases, why DOT?, P/S/T interventions
o Bangladesh
o India, Indonesia
o Nigeria
o Democratic Republic of the Congo
o Philippines
DOT (Directly Observed Therapy) ensures patients adhere to treatment to prevent
resistance
o Interventions-
Primary-
Education, vaccination
Secondary-
Screening, early detection
Tertiary-
Treatment to prevent complications
Chapter 8, module 5, Cultural Competency
• 8 Cultural Elements that can impact health care-
o Perception of time, Personal Space
o Environmental Control
o Religion
o Communication
o Social Organization
o Nutrition
o Biological Variation
• Barriers to Cultural Competence-
o Stereotyping-
A fixed and overly simple image or idea about a specific culture, person
or group
Blocks the willingness of a person to be open and to learn about specific
individuals, groups or cultures
Stereotypes can be positive or negative
Examples-
Women are the best at being caring
Boys are the best at math
People from “x” country are all drunks
People from “y” race are naturally athletic
o Prejudice
Negative opinion based on stereotypes and not actual experience
Communicable Diseases Part 2-
Chapter 15, Module 5, Communicable Disease
HIV: natural history, Epidemiology, Perinatal/Pediatric disease
o Natural history- Three stages
Primary infection-
Within about 1 month of contracting virus
Clinical latency-
When body shows no symptoms
Use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has greatly
increased survival time of persons with HIV/AIDS
Symptomatic disease (AIDS)-
CD4 T-lymphocyte count less than 200/mL with documented HIV
infection
AIDS-related opportunistic infections
Understand the stages (acute, clinical latency, AIDS)
o Epidemiology-
First case of AIDS identified in 1981
Worldwide 39 million people lives with HIV infection
53% of those infected are women/girls
Highest prevalence of HIV is in Southern/Eastern Africa (20.8M)
Asia/Pacific (6.5M)
Western/Central Africa (4.8M)
Treatment for HIV infection has been given higher priority
Incidence of HIV has decreased since 2010
HIV is transmitted through blood, sexual, contact, and from mother to child during birth
or breastfeeding
o Perinatal/Pediatric disease-
Perinatal transmission-
Accounts for nearly all HIV infection in children and can occur
during pregnancy, labor and delivery, or breastfeeding
Recommendation-
Make HIV testing routine part of prenatal care
Initiate ART (Transmission rates drop from 35-45% to <2%)
SVD is acceptable with low viral loads
Pediatric infection-
>90% of Pediatric HIV cases from perinatal transmission
In general, children <5 years old are 2-9x more likely to die from
HIV infection
Children of HIV parents at much higher risk of becoming orphans
, Despite having an HIV-infected mother, many children do not
acquire HIV/AIDS.
One or both parents may die, thus indirectly affecting the health of
the child.
Prevention of maternal-to-child transmission (antiretroviral therapy ART) during
pregnancy, labor, breastfeeding)
• Syphilis – focus on newborn syphilis-
o Infects moist mucous/cutaneous membranes
o Direct contact-
Sexual contact/mother-fetus
Blood transfusion (early-stage donor)
o Clinical signs-
Primary-
Single painless, open sore (chancre) appears 3-6 weeks after
exposure
Secondary-
Spreads through body, non-itchy rash
Weight loss
Fatigue
Enlarged lymph nodes (often becomes latent)
Tertiary-
End organ damage occurs in 30–40% of people who do not
get treatment
o Almost 9 in 10 cases of newborn syphillis in 2022 might have been prevented
with timely testing and treatment during pregnancy
o Nearly 40% were among mothers who were not in prenatal care
o Key Determinants of whether a child is born with Syphillis-
Where the pregnant person lives
Race/Ethnicity-
Pregnant people of color 8x more likely to have newborn
with Syphillis
Congenital syphilis occurs when a mother transmits the infection to her baby during
pregnancy. Early detection and treatment of pregnant women with syphilis are critical.
• HAV (Hepatitis V Virus)– transmission, why has incidence gone down?
o Most common transmission-
Fecal-oral route
Sources= Water, food, feces, sexual contact
Found worldwide
Mainly fecal-oral route, often through contaminated food, water
o Incidence has gone down due to vaccine-
Incidence has declined 92%
, Makes HAV completely preventable
Due to improved sanitation, better hygiene, and vaccination efforts
• TB – 8 countries that account for 2/3 of all cases, why DOT?, P/S/T interventions
o Bangladesh
o India, Indonesia
o Nigeria
o Democratic Republic of the Congo
o Philippines
DOT (Directly Observed Therapy) ensures patients adhere to treatment to prevent
resistance
o Interventions-
Primary-
Education, vaccination
Secondary-
Screening, early detection
Tertiary-
Treatment to prevent complications
Chapter 8, module 5, Cultural Competency
• 8 Cultural Elements that can impact health care-
o Perception of time, Personal Space
o Environmental Control
o Religion
o Communication
o Social Organization
o Nutrition
o Biological Variation
• Barriers to Cultural Competence-
o Stereotyping-
A fixed and overly simple image or idea about a specific culture, person
or group
Blocks the willingness of a person to be open and to learn about specific
individuals, groups or cultures
Stereotypes can be positive or negative
Examples-
Women are the best at being caring
Boys are the best at math
People from “x” country are all drunks
People from “y” race are naturally athletic
o Prejudice
Negative opinion based on stereotypes and not actual experience
