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ONS/ONCC CHEMOTHERAPY IMMUNOTHERAPY
CERTIFICATE EXAM 2025 | 100+ QUESTIONS WITH
DETAILED ANSWERS AND A STUDY GUIDE
Lesson 1: Foundations to Set the Stage
Focusing on Cellular Structure and Function
The Normal Cell Cycle - Answer: -The cell cycle refers to the ordered seres of
processes of DNA replication and mitosis, or cell division
-Cell nucleus regulates these processes by gathering and processing complexes
molecular information
Check points in the Cell Cycle: Keeping it All Under Control - Answer: -The cell
cycle is carefully controlled through a series of checkpoints
-Variation in duplication or distribution of chromosomes during cell division can
alter the genetic information passed on to daughter cells, leading to cellular
dysfunction and disease, such as cancer
-These checkpoints monitor for DNA integrity and control progression through
mitosis
Progression through the cell cycle is controlled through two proteins: - Answer: 1.
cyclines (D, E, A, B)
2. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
-Cyclin-CDK complex allows the cell to progress through each phase of the cell
cycle
Locations of proteins Cyclins (D, E, A, B) and CDKs - Answer: -(G0-G1) : Cyclin
D and CDK 4/6
-Early S: Cyclin E and CDK 1/2
-Late S: Cyclin A and CDK 1/2
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-G2: CDK 1/2 and cyclin A
-Before M: CDK 1 and Cyclin B
Inhibitory proteins - Answer: -prevent progression of the cycle when DNA damage
is detected
-An example of an inhibitory protein is p53 (AKA TP53)
DNA Damage Checkpoints - Answer: -If DNA damage is present, cells are
programmed to stop dividing or undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death)
-The retinoblastoma protein (Rb), p53, and p21 are some of the most well-
understood inhibitory proteins (IP)
Inhibitory proteins p53 - Answer: -Levels of this IP regulate several important
target genes
-Will increase when DNA damage is present
-Protects against inappropriate signal proliferation
-sometimes called the "suicide gene"
Interphase and Mitotic Phase - Answer: Cell division produces two identical cells
through these two major phases
During interphase: - Answer: Cell grows and DNA is replicated through the
following three steps:
1: First growth phase (G1 or first gap)
2: Synthesis phase (S phase)
3:Mitotic Phse (M phase)
First Growth Phase (G1 or first gap) - Answer: -cells increase in size
-reproduce RNA
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-"quality assurance" test that the cell will be ready to synthesis DNA
-Length of time is variable, can be from hours to days
Synthesis Phase (S phase) - Answer: -DNA replicates
-Results in the formation of identical pairs of DNA (chromatids)
-which are attached a t the centromere
-lasts 2-10 hours
Mitotic Phase (M phase) - Answer: -Replicated chromosomes are aligned,
separated, and move into 2 new, identical daughter cells
-takes about 30-60 minutes
Major points of cell regulation are entry and exit from - Answer: -G1 checkpoint
-S Phase
-G2 checkpoint
-M phase
Restriction Point - Answer: -The transition from the resting phase into an actively
dividing phase (G0-G1) is a point where cellular transformation can occur
-During this time, cells pass through a transition phase known as a restriction point
-Extracellular growth factors trigger reentry into G1, and GF are required to send
the cells past the restriction point, or the point of no return
G0 Phase (resting phase) - Answer: -After mitosis, cells may enter back into the
G1 phase or go into a resting phase, known as G0
-Most cells in the human body reside in G0
-Exceptions to this are those that are (Resting in G0 phase) - Answer: -Exceptions
to this are those that are metabollically active, such as
ONS/ONCC CHEMOTHERAPY IMMUNOTHERAPY
CERTIFICATE EXAM 2025 | 100+ QUESTIONS WITH
DETAILED ANSWERS AND A STUDY GUIDE
Lesson 1: Foundations to Set the Stage
Focusing on Cellular Structure and Function
The Normal Cell Cycle - Answer: -The cell cycle refers to the ordered seres of
processes of DNA replication and mitosis, or cell division
-Cell nucleus regulates these processes by gathering and processing complexes
molecular information
Check points in the Cell Cycle: Keeping it All Under Control - Answer: -The cell
cycle is carefully controlled through a series of checkpoints
-Variation in duplication or distribution of chromosomes during cell division can
alter the genetic information passed on to daughter cells, leading to cellular
dysfunction and disease, such as cancer
-These checkpoints monitor for DNA integrity and control progression through
mitosis
Progression through the cell cycle is controlled through two proteins: - Answer: 1.
cyclines (D, E, A, B)
2. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
-Cyclin-CDK complex allows the cell to progress through each phase of the cell
cycle
Locations of proteins Cyclins (D, E, A, B) and CDKs - Answer: -(G0-G1) : Cyclin
D and CDK 4/6
-Early S: Cyclin E and CDK 1/2
-Late S: Cyclin A and CDK 1/2
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-G2: CDK 1/2 and cyclin A
-Before M: CDK 1 and Cyclin B
Inhibitory proteins - Answer: -prevent progression of the cycle when DNA damage
is detected
-An example of an inhibitory protein is p53 (AKA TP53)
DNA Damage Checkpoints - Answer: -If DNA damage is present, cells are
programmed to stop dividing or undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death)
-The retinoblastoma protein (Rb), p53, and p21 are some of the most well-
understood inhibitory proteins (IP)
Inhibitory proteins p53 - Answer: -Levels of this IP regulate several important
target genes
-Will increase when DNA damage is present
-Protects against inappropriate signal proliferation
-sometimes called the "suicide gene"
Interphase and Mitotic Phase - Answer: Cell division produces two identical cells
through these two major phases
During interphase: - Answer: Cell grows and DNA is replicated through the
following three steps:
1: First growth phase (G1 or first gap)
2: Synthesis phase (S phase)
3:Mitotic Phse (M phase)
First Growth Phase (G1 or first gap) - Answer: -cells increase in size
-reproduce RNA
, 3|Page
-"quality assurance" test that the cell will be ready to synthesis DNA
-Length of time is variable, can be from hours to days
Synthesis Phase (S phase) - Answer: -DNA replicates
-Results in the formation of identical pairs of DNA (chromatids)
-which are attached a t the centromere
-lasts 2-10 hours
Mitotic Phase (M phase) - Answer: -Replicated chromosomes are aligned,
separated, and move into 2 new, identical daughter cells
-takes about 30-60 minutes
Major points of cell regulation are entry and exit from - Answer: -G1 checkpoint
-S Phase
-G2 checkpoint
-M phase
Restriction Point - Answer: -The transition from the resting phase into an actively
dividing phase (G0-G1) is a point where cellular transformation can occur
-During this time, cells pass through a transition phase known as a restriction point
-Extracellular growth factors trigger reentry into G1, and GF are required to send
the cells past the restriction point, or the point of no return
G0 Phase (resting phase) - Answer: -After mitosis, cells may enter back into the
G1 phase or go into a resting phase, known as G0
-Most cells in the human body reside in G0
-Exceptions to this are those that are (Resting in G0 phase) - Answer: -Exceptions
to this are those that are metabollically active, such as
