NBDE FIRST AID- Microbiology Exam Questions And Answers

NBDE FIRST AID- Microbiology Exam
Questions And Answers

Do prokaryotes have membrane bound organelles? - Answers-no

.How do prokaryotes replicate? - Answers-binary fission

.Do eukaryotes have membrane bound organelles? - Answers-yes

.How do eukaryotes replicate? - Answers-mitosis

.Endemic - Answers-infection occurs at minimal levels within a population

.Epidemic - Answers-infection occurs more frequently than normal within a population

.Pandemic - Answers-infection occurs worldwide

.Bacteremia - Answers-presence of bacteria in the bloodstream

leads to sepsis

.Viremia - Answers-presence of viruses in the bloodstrea

.Subclinical infectious state - Answers-infection is detectable only by serological tests

.Latent infectious state - Answers-no active growth of microorganisms but potential for
reactivation

.Symbiosis - Answers-the essential association between two different organisms that
live close to each other with or without mutual benefit

.Mutualism - Answers-both organisms benefit from the relationship

.Commensalism - Answers-one organism benefits, whereas the other is neither harmed
nor helped

.Parasitism - Answers-one organism benefits, whereas the other is harmed

.Sepsis - Answers-infection of bloodstream by toxin-producing bacteria

.What is sepsis most commonly caused by? - Answers-Staph. aureus, Klebsiella, and E.
coli

,.What does pus contain? - Answers-dead neutrophils, necrotic cells, and exudate

.Sterilization - Answers-the killing of all microorganisms, including bacterial spores

.When are spores formed? - Answers-during the stationary phase of bacterial cell
growth

.Moist Heat (autoclaving) Sterilization - Answers-coagulates and denatures proteins

normal cycle heats to 121 degrees Celsius for 15-20 minutes

can corrode or dull carbon-steel instruments

.Dry Heat Sterilization - Answers-denatures proteins

heats to 160 degrees Celsius for 2 hours

.Chemical Vapor (chemiclave) Sterilization - Answers-denatures and alkylates nucleic
acids and proteins

heats to 132 degrees Celsius for 20-30 minutes

.Ethylene Oxide Gas Sterilization - Answers-alkylates nucleic acids and proteins

takes 8-10 hours

.Formaldehyde Sterilization - Answers-alkylates nucleic acids and proteins

commonly used as a 37% solution in water

.Glutaraldehyde Sterilization - Answers-alkylates nucleic acids and proteins

takes 10 hours

.Filtration Sterilization - Answers-the preferred method of sterilizing liquid solutions

physically and electrostatic ally traps microorganisms larger than the pore size

.Disinfection - Answers-the killing of many, but not all microorganisms

only used on inanimate objects

.Antiseptics - Answers-chemicals that kill microorganisms on the surface of skin and
mucous membranes

,.Pasteurization - Answers-a method of heat-killing milk-borne pathogens such as
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Salmonella, Streptococcus, Listeria, and Brucella

.What is the most important infection control practice for reducing nosocomial infections
and must be preformed after removal of PPE? - Answers-handwashing

.What is the greatest risk for blood borne infection among healthcare workers? -
Answers-HBV

.Lag phase - Answers-increased metabolic activity in preparation for division

.Log phase - Answers-exponential growth and division

.Stationary phase - Answers-cell growth plateaus as the number of new cells balances
the number of dying cells

.Death phase - Answers-exponential increase in bacterial cell death

.Peptidoglycan - Answers-a cross-linked polysaccharide consisting of alternating N-
acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine residues

.What is the bacterial capsule of Bacillus anthracis? - Answers-D-glutamate

.Plasmids - Answers-extrachromosomal DNA that replicates independently within
bacteria

.Transposition - Answers-transfer of DNA within a bacterial cell occurs with transposons

.Transformation - Answers-DNA taken up directly from environment by competent
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

.Conjugation - Answers-transfers largest amount of genetic information

bacterial DNA is transferred as a separate F plasmid

.Transduction - Answers-DNA transfer by a virus

can occur via lytic or lysogenic bacteriophage

.What does a bacterial capsule do? - Answers-prevents opsonization and phagocytosis

.What does M surface protein do? - Answers-prevents phagocytosis

.What does Protein A do? - Answers-prevents opsonization and phagocytosis

.What does coagulase do? - Answers-promotes fibrin clot formation

, .Hyaluronidase - Answers-degrades hyaluronic acid

.Lecithinase - Answers-hydrolyzes lecithin to destroy plasma membranes

causes gas gangrene

.Exotoxin - Answers-located outside cell wall
in gram (+) and (-)
not heat stable
detected by ELISA

.Endotoxin - Answers-located in cell wall
in gram (-) and Listeria
heat stable
released when bacteria die

.Flagella - Answers-long appendages that provide bacterial motility

.Gram (+) characteristics - Answers-purple
thick peptidoglycan wall
lipoteichoic acid
no periplasmic space
no endotoxin

.Gram (-) characteristics - Answers-pink
thin peptidoglycan wall
lipopolysaccharide
periplasmic space
endotoxin

.What do mycobacteria cell walls contain? - Answers-mostly mycolic acid

.Obligate aerobic - Answers-require oxygen for growth

.Oligate anaerobic - Answers-cannot grow in oxygenated environments because they
lack superoxide dismutase and/or catalase

.Facultative anaerobic - Answers-grow aerobically when oxygen is present, but use
fermentation pathways in it absence

.Alpha Hemolysis - Answers-incomplete

.Beta Hemolysis - Answers-complete

.Gamma Hemolysis - Answers-no hemolysis