CS6250 - Computer Networks
5 Layer Internet Model - Application Layer - ANS-As you would possibly have guessed, the
Application layer is wherein programs requiring network communications live. Examples of
those programs encompass email clients and web browsers. These packages use the
Transport Layer to ship requests to connect to faraway hosts.
Five Layer Internet Model - Data Link Layer - ANS-The Data Link layer is liable for creating
the frames that flow across the network. These frames encapsulate the packets and use
MAC addresses to discover the supply and destination.
5 Layer Internet Model - Network Layer - ANS-The Network layer is responsible for growing
the packets that flow throughout the community. It makes use of IP addresses to discover
the packet's supply and vacation spot.
5 Layer Internet Model - Physical Layer - ANS-The Physical layer encodes and decodes the
bits located in a frame and consists of the transceiver that drives and receives the alerts at
the community.
Five Layer Internet Model - Transport Layer - ANS-The Transport layer establishes the
connection among programs going for walks on distinctive hosts. It makes use of TCP for
dependable connections and UDP for fast connections. It continues music of the procedures
going for walks in the packages above it by using assigning port numbers to them and
makes use of the Network layer to get admission to the TCP/IP network.
Automatic Repeat Request - ANS-Waits for a term to receive an ack - if it would not the
packet is re-transmitted.
The fundamental feature of these protocols is, the sender gets an acknowledgment from the
receiver cease implying that the frame or packet is received correctly earlier than a timeout
occurs, timeout is a particular term within which the acknowledgment needs to be
despatched by way of the receiver to the sender. If a timeout occurs: the sender does not
receive the acknowledgment before the desired time, it's far implied that the frame or packet
has been corrupt or misplaced at some stage in the transmission. Accordingly, the sender
retransmits the packet and those protocols ensure that this process is repeated until the
ideal packet is transmitted.
ARQ is an blunders-control strategy used in a two-manner communication system. It is a
collection of error-manipulate protocols to achieve dependable statistics transmission over
an unreliable source or provider. These protocols are living in Transport Layer and Data Link
Layer of the OSI(Open System Interconnection) model . These protocols are accountable for
automatic retransmission of packets which are found to be corrupted or lost for the duration
of the transmission manner.
BGP messages - ANS-UPDATE
Announcements: These messages market it new routes and updates to existing routes.
They consist of several standardized attributes.
Withdrawals: These messages are sent whilst a formerly introduced direction is eliminated.
This may be because of some failure or because of a change in the routing policy.
, 2. KEEPALIVE: These messages are exchanged to keep a current consultation going
Bridge - ANS-Data Link Layer - A bridge is a repeater, with upload at the functionality of
filtering content by way of analyzing the MAC addresses of supply and vacation spot. It is
likewise used for interconnecting LANs operating on the identical protocol. It has a single
input and unmarried output port, as a consequence making it a 2 port device.
CIDR - ANS-..., Classless Inter-Domain Routing
-Technique supported via the BGP4 protocol and based totally on course aggregation.
-CIDR permits a router to group routes collectively to lessen the amount of routing records
carried by using the center routers.
-With CIDR, a collection of IP networks look like a single entity to networks outdoor of the
organization.
Circuit Switching - ANS-In Circuit Switching a dedicated link/route is mounted across the
sender and the receiver that's maintained for the entire length of verbal exchange.
Circuit Switching is normally used within the public networks. It come into life for handling
voice traffic in addition to virtual information. How ever digital data managing by way of the
usage of circuit switching techniques are proved to be inefficient. The network for Circuit
Switching is proven in discern.
Code Division Multiplexing (CDM) - ANS-indicators from a couple of senders are transmitted
in an assigned frequency band. CDM uses a precept called unfold spectrum, wherein
transmitted indicators are spread out over all frequency channels in the assigned band.
In simplest phrases, each signal in a CDM machine is multiplexed through a spreading code
assigned to the sender. This spreading code modulation increases the bandwidth required
for the sign. The receiver is aware about the spreading code and uses it to demultiplex the
sign.
Although it increases the bandwidth wished for transmission, CDM has the benefit of being
more relaxed than other styles of multiplexing. In CDM transmissions, an man or woman
consumer's sign is mixed in with the indicators of other users in the frequency band. Without
the spreading code required for demultiplexing an person signal, CDM transmissions appear
merely to be noise to a receiving tool.
CDM is used in mobile smartphone structures.
Computational Complexity of LS Algorithm - ANS-O(n^2)
What is the computation complexity of this algorithm? That is, given n nodes (no longer
counting the source), how plenty computation ought to be accomplished within the worst
case to discover the least cost paths from the source to all destinations? In the first new
release, we want to go looking through all n nodes to determine the node, w, not in N that
has the minimum price. In the second one generation, we want to test n−1 nodes to decide
the minimum price; in the third iteration n−2 nodes and so on. Overall, the whole number of
nodes we want to search thru over all of the iterations is n*(n+1)/2, and hence we say that
the above implementation of the link kingdom algorithm has worst case complexity of order n
5 Layer Internet Model - Application Layer - ANS-As you would possibly have guessed, the
Application layer is wherein programs requiring network communications live. Examples of
those programs encompass email clients and web browsers. These packages use the
Transport Layer to ship requests to connect to faraway hosts.
Five Layer Internet Model - Data Link Layer - ANS-The Data Link layer is liable for creating
the frames that flow across the network. These frames encapsulate the packets and use
MAC addresses to discover the supply and destination.
5 Layer Internet Model - Network Layer - ANS-The Network layer is responsible for growing
the packets that flow throughout the community. It makes use of IP addresses to discover
the packet's supply and vacation spot.
5 Layer Internet Model - Physical Layer - ANS-The Physical layer encodes and decodes the
bits located in a frame and consists of the transceiver that drives and receives the alerts at
the community.
Five Layer Internet Model - Transport Layer - ANS-The Transport layer establishes the
connection among programs going for walks on distinctive hosts. It makes use of TCP for
dependable connections and UDP for fast connections. It continues music of the procedures
going for walks in the packages above it by using assigning port numbers to them and
makes use of the Network layer to get admission to the TCP/IP network.
Automatic Repeat Request - ANS-Waits for a term to receive an ack - if it would not the
packet is re-transmitted.
The fundamental feature of these protocols is, the sender gets an acknowledgment from the
receiver cease implying that the frame or packet is received correctly earlier than a timeout
occurs, timeout is a particular term within which the acknowledgment needs to be
despatched by way of the receiver to the sender. If a timeout occurs: the sender does not
receive the acknowledgment before the desired time, it's far implied that the frame or packet
has been corrupt or misplaced at some stage in the transmission. Accordingly, the sender
retransmits the packet and those protocols ensure that this process is repeated until the
ideal packet is transmitted.
ARQ is an blunders-control strategy used in a two-manner communication system. It is a
collection of error-manipulate protocols to achieve dependable statistics transmission over
an unreliable source or provider. These protocols are living in Transport Layer and Data Link
Layer of the OSI(Open System Interconnection) model . These protocols are accountable for
automatic retransmission of packets which are found to be corrupted or lost for the duration
of the transmission manner.
BGP messages - ANS-UPDATE
Announcements: These messages market it new routes and updates to existing routes.
They consist of several standardized attributes.
Withdrawals: These messages are sent whilst a formerly introduced direction is eliminated.
This may be because of some failure or because of a change in the routing policy.
, 2. KEEPALIVE: These messages are exchanged to keep a current consultation going
Bridge - ANS-Data Link Layer - A bridge is a repeater, with upload at the functionality of
filtering content by way of analyzing the MAC addresses of supply and vacation spot. It is
likewise used for interconnecting LANs operating on the identical protocol. It has a single
input and unmarried output port, as a consequence making it a 2 port device.
CIDR - ANS-..., Classless Inter-Domain Routing
-Technique supported via the BGP4 protocol and based totally on course aggregation.
-CIDR permits a router to group routes collectively to lessen the amount of routing records
carried by using the center routers.
-With CIDR, a collection of IP networks look like a single entity to networks outdoor of the
organization.
Circuit Switching - ANS-In Circuit Switching a dedicated link/route is mounted across the
sender and the receiver that's maintained for the entire length of verbal exchange.
Circuit Switching is normally used within the public networks. It come into life for handling
voice traffic in addition to virtual information. How ever digital data managing by way of the
usage of circuit switching techniques are proved to be inefficient. The network for Circuit
Switching is proven in discern.
Code Division Multiplexing (CDM) - ANS-indicators from a couple of senders are transmitted
in an assigned frequency band. CDM uses a precept called unfold spectrum, wherein
transmitted indicators are spread out over all frequency channels in the assigned band.
In simplest phrases, each signal in a CDM machine is multiplexed through a spreading code
assigned to the sender. This spreading code modulation increases the bandwidth required
for the sign. The receiver is aware about the spreading code and uses it to demultiplex the
sign.
Although it increases the bandwidth wished for transmission, CDM has the benefit of being
more relaxed than other styles of multiplexing. In CDM transmissions, an man or woman
consumer's sign is mixed in with the indicators of other users in the frequency band. Without
the spreading code required for demultiplexing an person signal, CDM transmissions appear
merely to be noise to a receiving tool.
CDM is used in mobile smartphone structures.
Computational Complexity of LS Algorithm - ANS-O(n^2)
What is the computation complexity of this algorithm? That is, given n nodes (no longer
counting the source), how plenty computation ought to be accomplished within the worst
case to discover the least cost paths from the source to all destinations? In the first new
release, we want to go looking through all n nodes to determine the node, w, not in N that
has the minimum price. In the second one generation, we want to test n−1 nodes to decide
the minimum price; in the third iteration n−2 nodes and so on. Overall, the whole number of
nodes we want to search thru over all of the iterations is n*(n+1)/2, and hence we say that
the above implementation of the link kingdom algorithm has worst case complexity of order n
