Advanced Pathophysiology Exam
Questions and Answers 100% Solved
systems involved in acute confusional state - ✔✔reticular activating system of
upper brain stem to the thalamus, basal ganglion, cortex, and limbic areas
Patho of acute confusional state - ✔✔inflammatory cytokines alter BBB, cause
oxidative stress. neuronal metabolism and synaptic transmission are altered in
metabolic disorders.
early onset alzheimers genetics - ✔✔3 genes with mutation on chromosome 21
late onset alzheimers genetics - ✔✔apolipoprotein E gene- allele 4 on
chromosome 19
Patho of Alzheimer's - ✔✔B-amyloid protein accumulates in plaques beginning
in small clusters followed by formation into chains and then into fibers
organized as beta sheets.
As plaque development progresses, brain cell-to-cell communication becomes
disrupted.
Immune cells become activated, destroying & ingesting injured cells
what type of med is used for mild alzheimers - ✔✔cholinesterase inhibitors
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,what causes neurons to be hyperexcitable in epilepsy - ✔✔hyperthermia,
hypoxia, hypoglycemia, hyponatremia
oxygen in epilepsy - ✔✔consumed at a high rate and rapidly depleted
glucose in epilepsy - ✔✔rapidly depleted
what causes the tonic phase of seizures - ✔✔excitation of subcortical, thalamus,
and brain stem areas
what causes the clonic phase of seizures - ✔✔inhibitory neurons in cortex,
anterior thalamus, and basal ganglia react to cortical excitation
alzhemiers and acetylcholine - ✔✔decrease in the number of acetylcholine-
secreting neurons
myasthenia gravis and acetylcholine - ✔✔autoimmune response to
acetylcholine receptors on the postsynaptic terminal.
norepinephrine in the PNS - ✔✔Sympathetic nerve transmission
Serotonin in Schizophrenia - ✔✔elevated
parkinsons and dopamine - ✔✔destruction of dopamine-secreting neurons
GABA effect - ✔✔Majority of postsynaptic inhibition in the brain
glycine effect - ✔✔Most postsynaptic inhibition in the spinal cord
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, glutamate and aspartate - ✔✔excitatory neurotransmitters in brain and spinal
cord
Morphine and heroin bind to endorphin and enkephalin receptors on
presynaptic neurons and reduce pain by - ✔✔blocking the release of
neurotransmitter
Substance P - ✔✔neurotransmitter involved in pain transmission pathways
vasoactive intestinal peptide - ✔✔Stimulates secretion, vasodilation, and
smooth muscle relaxation
what percent of cardiac output does the brain receive - ✔✔15-20%
Reticulating Activating System - ✔✔This system regulates sleep and arousal.
Headquarters are located in the midbrain, nuclei are in the pons.
The limbic system mediates - ✔✔emotion and long-term memory through
connections in the prefrontal cortex (limbic cortex)
The thalamus also serves as a relay center for - ✔✔information from the basal
ganglia and cerebellum to the appropriate motor area
hypothalamus function - ✔✔water balance/bp/temp
regulation/hunger/thirst/sex
The cerebellum has what kind of control of the body - ✔✔ipsilateral (same side)
3|Page
©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025.
Questions and Answers 100% Solved
systems involved in acute confusional state - ✔✔reticular activating system of
upper brain stem to the thalamus, basal ganglion, cortex, and limbic areas
Patho of acute confusional state - ✔✔inflammatory cytokines alter BBB, cause
oxidative stress. neuronal metabolism and synaptic transmission are altered in
metabolic disorders.
early onset alzheimers genetics - ✔✔3 genes with mutation on chromosome 21
late onset alzheimers genetics - ✔✔apolipoprotein E gene- allele 4 on
chromosome 19
Patho of Alzheimer's - ✔✔B-amyloid protein accumulates in plaques beginning
in small clusters followed by formation into chains and then into fibers
organized as beta sheets.
As plaque development progresses, brain cell-to-cell communication becomes
disrupted.
Immune cells become activated, destroying & ingesting injured cells
what type of med is used for mild alzheimers - ✔✔cholinesterase inhibitors
1|Page
©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025.
,what causes neurons to be hyperexcitable in epilepsy - ✔✔hyperthermia,
hypoxia, hypoglycemia, hyponatremia
oxygen in epilepsy - ✔✔consumed at a high rate and rapidly depleted
glucose in epilepsy - ✔✔rapidly depleted
what causes the tonic phase of seizures - ✔✔excitation of subcortical, thalamus,
and brain stem areas
what causes the clonic phase of seizures - ✔✔inhibitory neurons in cortex,
anterior thalamus, and basal ganglia react to cortical excitation
alzhemiers and acetylcholine - ✔✔decrease in the number of acetylcholine-
secreting neurons
myasthenia gravis and acetylcholine - ✔✔autoimmune response to
acetylcholine receptors on the postsynaptic terminal.
norepinephrine in the PNS - ✔✔Sympathetic nerve transmission
Serotonin in Schizophrenia - ✔✔elevated
parkinsons and dopamine - ✔✔destruction of dopamine-secreting neurons
GABA effect - ✔✔Majority of postsynaptic inhibition in the brain
glycine effect - ✔✔Most postsynaptic inhibition in the spinal cord
2|Page
©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025.
, glutamate and aspartate - ✔✔excitatory neurotransmitters in brain and spinal
cord
Morphine and heroin bind to endorphin and enkephalin receptors on
presynaptic neurons and reduce pain by - ✔✔blocking the release of
neurotransmitter
Substance P - ✔✔neurotransmitter involved in pain transmission pathways
vasoactive intestinal peptide - ✔✔Stimulates secretion, vasodilation, and
smooth muscle relaxation
what percent of cardiac output does the brain receive - ✔✔15-20%
Reticulating Activating System - ✔✔This system regulates sleep and arousal.
Headquarters are located in the midbrain, nuclei are in the pons.
The limbic system mediates - ✔✔emotion and long-term memory through
connections in the prefrontal cortex (limbic cortex)
The thalamus also serves as a relay center for - ✔✔information from the basal
ganglia and cerebellum to the appropriate motor area
hypothalamus function - ✔✔water balance/bp/temp
regulation/hunger/thirst/sex
The cerebellum has what kind of control of the body - ✔✔ipsilateral (same side)
3|Page
©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025.
