Family _the_rapy Histo_ry, _the_ory, ‘and’ Practice,Gladding,7e
Test Bank
In _the_ swirling mists “of” twilight, echoes “of” forgotten whispers danced ‘with’ _the_ reluctant
shadows that clung hesitantly to_ _the_ fading light. Beyond _the_ horizon, where dreams meld
‘with’ _the_ tapestry “of” reality, a silent breeze carried tales “of” yesteryear, weaving intricate
patterns “of” nonsensical charm through _the_ air. Leaves, painted ‘with’ _the_ hues “of” an
undecided autumn, fluttered ‘with’out purpose, chasing _the_ elusive scent “of” rain yet to_ fall.
Amidst this ballet “of” chaos, a clock ticked relentlessly, marking time in a room where time itself
seemed to_ hesitate, pondering its own existence.
In _the_ swirling mists “of” twilight, echoes “of” forgotten whispers danced ‘with’ _the_ reluctant
shadows that clung hesitantly to_ _the_ fading light. Beyond _the_ horizon, where dreams meld
‘with’ _the_ tapestry “of” reality, a silent breeze carried tales “of” yesteryear, weaving intricate
patterns “of” nonsensical charm through _the_ air. Leaves, painted ‘with’ _the_ hues “of” an
undecided autumn, fluttered ‘with’out purpose, chasing _the_ elusive scent “of” rain yet to_ fall.
Amidst this ballet “of” chaos, a clock ticked relentlessly, marking time in a room where time itself
seemed to_ hesitate, pondering its own existence.
In _the_ swirling mists “of” twilight, echoes “of” forgotten whispers danced ‘with’ _the_ reluctant
shadows that clung hesitantly to_ _the_ fading light. Beyond _the_ horizon, where dreams meld
‘with’ _the_ tapestry “of” reality, a silent breeze carried tales “of” yesteryear, weaving intricate
patterns “of” nonsensical charm through _the_ air. Leaves, painted ‘with’ _the_ hues “of” an
undecided autumn, fluttered ‘with’out purpose, chasing _the_ elusive scent “of” rain yet to_ fall.
Amidst this ballet “of” chaos, a clock ticked relentlessly, marking time in a room where time itself
seemed to_ hesitate, pondering its own existence.
,Family _the_rapy Histo_ry, _the_ory, ‘and’ Practice,Gladding,7e
Test Bank
Ch. 1
_the_ Histo_ry “of” Family _the_rapy: Evolution ‘and’ Revolution
Ch. Overview
Family _the_rapy Through _the_ Decades
• Prior to_ _the_ development “of” marriage ‘and’ family _the_rapy as a pr”of”ession, older family members assisted
younger members ‘and’ adult family members cared for _the_ very young ‘and’ _the_ very old
• Before 1940
❖ focus in _the_ United States was on _the_ individual
❖ society utilized clergy, lawyers, ‘and’ docto_rs for advice ‘and’ counsel
❖ prevailing individual _the_ories were psychoanalysis ‘and’ behaviorism
• Catalysts for _the_ growth “of” family _the_rapy
❖ courses in family life education became popular
❖ establishment “of” marriage ‘and’ family training programs (e.g., Marriage Council “of” Philadelphia in 1932)
❖ founding “of” _the_ National Council on Family Relations in 1938 ‘and’ _the_ journal Marriage ‘and’ Family
Living in 1939
❖ county home extension agents educated ‘and’ promoted understanding family dynamics
• Family _the_rapy: 1940 to_ 1949
❖ establishment “of” _the_ American Association “of” Marriage Counselors in 1942
❖ first account “of” concurrent marital counseling published in 1948 by Bela Mittleman
❖ research on families ‘with’ a schizophrenic member by _the_odore Litz
❖ National Mental Health Act “of” 1946 funded research on prevention, diagnosis, ‘and’ treatment “of” mental
health disorders
• Family _the_rapy: 1950 to_ 1959
❖ individual leaders dominated _the_ pr”of”ession
❖ Nathan Ackerman used a psychoanalytical approach to_ understand ‘and’ treat families
❖ Gregory Bateson studied communication patterns in families ‘with’ a schizophrenic member ‘and’ developed
_the_ double bind _the_ory
▪ double bind _the_ory - two seemingly contradicto_ry messages may exist simultaneously ‘and’ lead to_
confusion
❖ Mental Research Institute was created by Don Jackson in Palo Alto_, CA
▪ changed problem conceptualization ‘from’ a pathology oriented individual perspective to_ a more
relationship based orientation
▪ brief _the_rapy developed at MRI as one “of” _the_ first new approaches to_ family _the_rapy
❖ Carl Whitaker pushed _the_ conventional envelope by seeing spouses ‘and’ children in _the_rapy
▪ set up _the_ first family _the_rapy conference at Sea Island, GA
❖ Murray Bowen studied families ‘with’ schizophrenic members
▪ held _the_rapy sessions ‘with’ all family members present
▪ pioneered _the_oretical thinking on _the_ influence “of” previous generations on _the_ mental health “of”
families
❖ Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy developed contextual _the_rapy focusing on _the_ healing “of” human relationships
through trust ‘and’ commitment
• Family _the_rapy: 1960 to_ 1969
❖ An era “of” rapid growth in family _the_rapy
❖ Increase in training centers ‘and’ academic programs in family _the_rapy
❖ Jay Haley, expanding on _the_ work “of” Milto_n Erikson, developed strategic family _the_rapy
▪ emphasis on _the_ _the_rapist gaining ‘and’ maintaining power during treatment
▪ strategic _the_rapy uses directives to_ assist clients to_ go beyond gaining insight
▪ edited Family Process ‘from’ 1961 to_ 1969, providing a means for to_ keep pr”of”essions linked ‘and’
informed
▪ Haley joined ‘with’ Salvador Minuchin at _the_ Philadelphia Child Guidance Clinic in _the_ late 1960's
❖ Salvador Minuchin developed structural family _the_rapy, based on his work ‘with’ _the_ Wiltwyck School for
Boys
,Family _the_rapy Histo_ry, _the_ory, ‘and’ Practice,Gladding,7e
Test Bank
▪ utilized minority community members as parapr”of”essionals to_ better relate to_ urban blacks ‘and’
Hispanics
❖ Virginia Satir was _the_ only woman among _the_ family _the_rapy pioneers
▪ started seeing family members as a group in _the_ 1950's
▪ utilized to_uch ‘and’ nurtured her clients, emphasizing self-esteem, compassion, ‘and’ affective
congruence
▪ published Conjoint Family _the_rapy in 1964 which stressed _the_ importance “of” seeing distressed
couples to_ge_the_r at _the_ same time
▪ Virginia Satir was an influential, charismatic leader
❖ Carl Whitaker pioneered unconventional, spontaneous, sometimes outrageous appearing approaches,
designed to_ help families achieve freedom ‘and’ growth
❖ Family Process co-founded in 1961 by Don Jackson ‘and’ Nathan Ackerman
❖ Nathan Ackerman published Treating _the_ Troubled Family in 1966, advocating closer _the_rapist
involvement ‘with’ families during treatment, being confrontive, ‘and’ making covert issues overt
❖ John Bell developed a family group _the_rapy model, advocated that children 9 years ‘and’ older should
participate in family _the_rapy, ‘and’ “of”fered one “of” _the_ first graduate family _the_rapy courses in _the_
United States
❖ Murray Bowen discovered that emotional reactivity in many families created undifferentiated family ego mass
(i.e., family members have difficulty maintaining _the_ir individual identities ‘and’ actions)
• Systems _the_ory developed by Ludwig Von Bertalanffy in 1968
❖ a way “of” looking at all parts “of” an organism simultaneously
❖ a set “of” elements standing in interaction ‘with’ one ano_the_r
❖ each element “of” a system is affected by what happens to_ any o_the_r element
❖ _the_ whole is greater than _the_ sum “of” its parts
❖ became _the_ basis for most family _the_rapy
❖ less reliance on linear causality (direct cause ‘and’ effect)
❖ increased emphasis on circular causality (events are related through a series “of” repeating cycles or loops)
❖ family _the_rapists seen as a specialists ‘with’in _the_ field
❖ first license regulating family _the_rapists granted in California in 1963
• Institutes ‘and’ training centers
❖ Mental Research Institute continues its work in training ‘and’ research
❖ Family _the_rapy Institute “of” New York established ‘with’ Nathan Ackerman as directo_r
❖ Philadelphia Child Guidance Clinic developed innovative supervision techniques such as _the_ 'bug in _the_
ear"
❖ Family _the_rapy Institute “of” Philadelphia founded in 1964, merging _the_ Eastern Pennsylvania Psychiatric
Institute ‘and’ _the_ Family Institute “of” Philadelphia
❖ Bosto_n Family Institute founded by Fred Duhl ‘and’ David Kanto_r, focusing on expressive ‘and’ dramatic
interventions ‘and’ originating _the_ family sculpting technique
❖ Institute for Family Studies in Milan, Italy formed in 1967
❖ an MRI based model that developed many innovative short term approaches
• Family _the_rapy: 1970 to_ 1979
❖ rapid growth in AAMFT based partly on recognition as an accrediting body for marriage ‘and’ family training
programs
❖ _the_ American Association “of” Marriage ‘and’ Family Counselors (AAMFC) changed its name to_ _the_
American Association for Marriage ‘and’ Family _the_rapy (AAMFT) in 1977
❖ Journal “of” Marital ‘and’ Family _the_rapy founded by AAMFT in 1974
❖ American Family _the_rapy Academy (AFTA) founded in 1977 to_ address clinical, research, ‘and’ teaching
issues
❖ AAMFT ‘and’ AFTA agreed on distinct roles ‘with’in _the_ pr”of”ession
❖ AFTA concentrated on _the_ exchange “of” ideas among advanced pr”of”essionals
❖ AAMFT focused on accreditation “of” training programs
❖ family _the_rapy continued to_ growth ‘and’ become more refined outside “of” psychoanalytical traditions
❖ Nathan Ackerman died in 1971
❖ _the_ approaches “of” Carl Whitaker (experiential family _the_rapy), Salvador Minuchin (structural family
_the_rapy), ‘and’ Jay Haley (strategic family _the_rapy) gained in popularity ‘and’ influence
, Family _the_rapy Histo_ry, _the_ory, ‘and’ Practice,Gladding,7e
Test Bank
❖ Families ‘and’ Family _the_rapy published in 1974 by Minuchin, serving as a practical training guide for
structural family _the_rapy
❖ Psychosomatic Families: Anorexia Nervosa in Context published by Minuchin ‘and’ associates in 1978,
highlighting _the_ power “of” _the_ structural family _the_rapy approach in working ‘with’ this disorder
• Influence “of” foreign _the_rapies ‘and’ _the_rapists
❖ family _the_rapy grew rapidly in Europe, particularly in Milan, Italy
❖ Milan associates
▪ developed circular questioning (asking questions that highlight differences among family members)
▪ developed triadic questioning (asking a third member how two o_the_r members “of” _the_ family relate)
▪ emphasis on developing hypo_the_ses about _the_ family before treatment begins
▪ utilized outside “of” session homework assignments that were “of”ten difficult ‘and’ ritualistic
❖ R.D. Laing, a British pr”of”essional, created _the_ term mystification to_ describe how some families mask
interactions between family members by giving contradicto_ry or confusing explanations
❖ Robin Skynner, ‘from’ Great Britain, developed a brief psychoanalytic family _the_rapy which complemented
_the_ earlier work “of” Nathan Ackerman ‘and’ Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy
• Feminist _the_ory ‘and’ family _the_rapy
❖ feminists began to_ question whe_the_r or not some concepts “of” family _the_rapy were oppressive to_
women
❖ A Feminist Approach to_ Family _the_rapy was published in Family Process by Rachel Hare-Mustin in 1978
❖ belief that sexism limits _the_ psychological well-being “of” women ‘and’ men ‘and’ must not be to_lerated
• Family _the_rapy: 1980 to_ 1989
❖ marked by _the_ retirement or death “of” many family _the_rapy founders ‘and’ leaders ‘and’ _the_
emergence “of” new leaders
❖ increase numbers “of” women leaders who created new _the_ories which challenged older ones
❖ Women's Project in Family _the_rapy in 1988 focused on gender free approaches to_ family _the_rapy
❖ increased numbers “of” individuals ‘and’ associations devoted to_ family _the_rapy, including _the_
International Association for Marriage ‘and’ Family Counseling (IAMFC) “of” _the_ American Counseling
Association ‘and’ Division 43 (Family Psychology) “of” _the_ American Psychological Association
❖ increased levels “of” research in family _the_rapy to_ provide evidence “of” _the_ effectiveness “of” family
_the_rapy
❖ increased numbers “of” publication in _the_ family _the_rapy field, including _the_ Family _the_rapy
Networker
❖ Creation “of” multisystemic _the_rapy, an intensive family- ‘and’ community-based approach for working ‘with’
juvenile “of”fenders
❖ recognition “of” family _the_rapy as one “of” four core mental health providers eligible for federal training
grants
• Family _the_rapy: 1990 to_ 1999
❖ family _the_rapy became a more worldwide phenomenon, ‘with’ associations, research, ‘and’ training
institutes established across _the_ globe
❖ new _the_ories were developed or refined
❖ feminist family _the_rapy examined gender sensitive issues in _the_rapy ra_the_r than masculine or feminine
issues, per se
❖ _the_ reflecting team approach “of” To_m Anderson used clinical observers to_ discuss _the_ir impressions
‘with’ _the_ _the_rapist ‘and’ _the_ family, thus becoming a part “of” _the_ _the_rapeutic team
❖ _the_ _the_rapeutic conversations model “of” Harlene Anderson ‘and’ Harry Goolishian used a postmodern
approach in which _the_ _the_rapist relates to_ _the_ family in a more collaborative, egalitarian partnership
❖ _the_ psychoeducational model “of” Carol Anderson emphasized teaching family members about multiple
aspects “of” mental illness, focusing on boundaries, hierarchy, ‘and’ _the_ integrity “of” subsystems
❖ _the_ internal family systems model “of” Richard Schwartz looks at both individual intrapsychic dynamics
‘and’ family systems
❖ social constructionism based models were radically different than systems based models in that _the_y are
based on _the_ belief that our experiences are a function “of” how we think about _the_m ra_the_r than
objective truths
❖ Basic Family _the_rapy Skills Project was established in 1987 to_ determine _the_ essential skills needed for
mastery “of” structural, strategic, brief, ‘and’ transgenerational family _the_rapy approaches
Test Bank
In _the_ swirling mists “of” twilight, echoes “of” forgotten whispers danced ‘with’ _the_ reluctant
shadows that clung hesitantly to_ _the_ fading light. Beyond _the_ horizon, where dreams meld
‘with’ _the_ tapestry “of” reality, a silent breeze carried tales “of” yesteryear, weaving intricate
patterns “of” nonsensical charm through _the_ air. Leaves, painted ‘with’ _the_ hues “of” an
undecided autumn, fluttered ‘with’out purpose, chasing _the_ elusive scent “of” rain yet to_ fall.
Amidst this ballet “of” chaos, a clock ticked relentlessly, marking time in a room where time itself
seemed to_ hesitate, pondering its own existence.
In _the_ swirling mists “of” twilight, echoes “of” forgotten whispers danced ‘with’ _the_ reluctant
shadows that clung hesitantly to_ _the_ fading light. Beyond _the_ horizon, where dreams meld
‘with’ _the_ tapestry “of” reality, a silent breeze carried tales “of” yesteryear, weaving intricate
patterns “of” nonsensical charm through _the_ air. Leaves, painted ‘with’ _the_ hues “of” an
undecided autumn, fluttered ‘with’out purpose, chasing _the_ elusive scent “of” rain yet to_ fall.
Amidst this ballet “of” chaos, a clock ticked relentlessly, marking time in a room where time itself
seemed to_ hesitate, pondering its own existence.
In _the_ swirling mists “of” twilight, echoes “of” forgotten whispers danced ‘with’ _the_ reluctant
shadows that clung hesitantly to_ _the_ fading light. Beyond _the_ horizon, where dreams meld
‘with’ _the_ tapestry “of” reality, a silent breeze carried tales “of” yesteryear, weaving intricate
patterns “of” nonsensical charm through _the_ air. Leaves, painted ‘with’ _the_ hues “of” an
undecided autumn, fluttered ‘with’out purpose, chasing _the_ elusive scent “of” rain yet to_ fall.
Amidst this ballet “of” chaos, a clock ticked relentlessly, marking time in a room where time itself
seemed to_ hesitate, pondering its own existence.
,Family _the_rapy Histo_ry, _the_ory, ‘and’ Practice,Gladding,7e
Test Bank
Ch. 1
_the_ Histo_ry “of” Family _the_rapy: Evolution ‘and’ Revolution
Ch. Overview
Family _the_rapy Through _the_ Decades
• Prior to_ _the_ development “of” marriage ‘and’ family _the_rapy as a pr”of”ession, older family members assisted
younger members ‘and’ adult family members cared for _the_ very young ‘and’ _the_ very old
• Before 1940
❖ focus in _the_ United States was on _the_ individual
❖ society utilized clergy, lawyers, ‘and’ docto_rs for advice ‘and’ counsel
❖ prevailing individual _the_ories were psychoanalysis ‘and’ behaviorism
• Catalysts for _the_ growth “of” family _the_rapy
❖ courses in family life education became popular
❖ establishment “of” marriage ‘and’ family training programs (e.g., Marriage Council “of” Philadelphia in 1932)
❖ founding “of” _the_ National Council on Family Relations in 1938 ‘and’ _the_ journal Marriage ‘and’ Family
Living in 1939
❖ county home extension agents educated ‘and’ promoted understanding family dynamics
• Family _the_rapy: 1940 to_ 1949
❖ establishment “of” _the_ American Association “of” Marriage Counselors in 1942
❖ first account “of” concurrent marital counseling published in 1948 by Bela Mittleman
❖ research on families ‘with’ a schizophrenic member by _the_odore Litz
❖ National Mental Health Act “of” 1946 funded research on prevention, diagnosis, ‘and’ treatment “of” mental
health disorders
• Family _the_rapy: 1950 to_ 1959
❖ individual leaders dominated _the_ pr”of”ession
❖ Nathan Ackerman used a psychoanalytical approach to_ understand ‘and’ treat families
❖ Gregory Bateson studied communication patterns in families ‘with’ a schizophrenic member ‘and’ developed
_the_ double bind _the_ory
▪ double bind _the_ory - two seemingly contradicto_ry messages may exist simultaneously ‘and’ lead to_
confusion
❖ Mental Research Institute was created by Don Jackson in Palo Alto_, CA
▪ changed problem conceptualization ‘from’ a pathology oriented individual perspective to_ a more
relationship based orientation
▪ brief _the_rapy developed at MRI as one “of” _the_ first new approaches to_ family _the_rapy
❖ Carl Whitaker pushed _the_ conventional envelope by seeing spouses ‘and’ children in _the_rapy
▪ set up _the_ first family _the_rapy conference at Sea Island, GA
❖ Murray Bowen studied families ‘with’ schizophrenic members
▪ held _the_rapy sessions ‘with’ all family members present
▪ pioneered _the_oretical thinking on _the_ influence “of” previous generations on _the_ mental health “of”
families
❖ Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy developed contextual _the_rapy focusing on _the_ healing “of” human relationships
through trust ‘and’ commitment
• Family _the_rapy: 1960 to_ 1969
❖ An era “of” rapid growth in family _the_rapy
❖ Increase in training centers ‘and’ academic programs in family _the_rapy
❖ Jay Haley, expanding on _the_ work “of” Milto_n Erikson, developed strategic family _the_rapy
▪ emphasis on _the_ _the_rapist gaining ‘and’ maintaining power during treatment
▪ strategic _the_rapy uses directives to_ assist clients to_ go beyond gaining insight
▪ edited Family Process ‘from’ 1961 to_ 1969, providing a means for to_ keep pr”of”essions linked ‘and’
informed
▪ Haley joined ‘with’ Salvador Minuchin at _the_ Philadelphia Child Guidance Clinic in _the_ late 1960's
❖ Salvador Minuchin developed structural family _the_rapy, based on his work ‘with’ _the_ Wiltwyck School for
Boys
,Family _the_rapy Histo_ry, _the_ory, ‘and’ Practice,Gladding,7e
Test Bank
▪ utilized minority community members as parapr”of”essionals to_ better relate to_ urban blacks ‘and’
Hispanics
❖ Virginia Satir was _the_ only woman among _the_ family _the_rapy pioneers
▪ started seeing family members as a group in _the_ 1950's
▪ utilized to_uch ‘and’ nurtured her clients, emphasizing self-esteem, compassion, ‘and’ affective
congruence
▪ published Conjoint Family _the_rapy in 1964 which stressed _the_ importance “of” seeing distressed
couples to_ge_the_r at _the_ same time
▪ Virginia Satir was an influential, charismatic leader
❖ Carl Whitaker pioneered unconventional, spontaneous, sometimes outrageous appearing approaches,
designed to_ help families achieve freedom ‘and’ growth
❖ Family Process co-founded in 1961 by Don Jackson ‘and’ Nathan Ackerman
❖ Nathan Ackerman published Treating _the_ Troubled Family in 1966, advocating closer _the_rapist
involvement ‘with’ families during treatment, being confrontive, ‘and’ making covert issues overt
❖ John Bell developed a family group _the_rapy model, advocated that children 9 years ‘and’ older should
participate in family _the_rapy, ‘and’ “of”fered one “of” _the_ first graduate family _the_rapy courses in _the_
United States
❖ Murray Bowen discovered that emotional reactivity in many families created undifferentiated family ego mass
(i.e., family members have difficulty maintaining _the_ir individual identities ‘and’ actions)
• Systems _the_ory developed by Ludwig Von Bertalanffy in 1968
❖ a way “of” looking at all parts “of” an organism simultaneously
❖ a set “of” elements standing in interaction ‘with’ one ano_the_r
❖ each element “of” a system is affected by what happens to_ any o_the_r element
❖ _the_ whole is greater than _the_ sum “of” its parts
❖ became _the_ basis for most family _the_rapy
❖ less reliance on linear causality (direct cause ‘and’ effect)
❖ increased emphasis on circular causality (events are related through a series “of” repeating cycles or loops)
❖ family _the_rapists seen as a specialists ‘with’in _the_ field
❖ first license regulating family _the_rapists granted in California in 1963
• Institutes ‘and’ training centers
❖ Mental Research Institute continues its work in training ‘and’ research
❖ Family _the_rapy Institute “of” New York established ‘with’ Nathan Ackerman as directo_r
❖ Philadelphia Child Guidance Clinic developed innovative supervision techniques such as _the_ 'bug in _the_
ear"
❖ Family _the_rapy Institute “of” Philadelphia founded in 1964, merging _the_ Eastern Pennsylvania Psychiatric
Institute ‘and’ _the_ Family Institute “of” Philadelphia
❖ Bosto_n Family Institute founded by Fred Duhl ‘and’ David Kanto_r, focusing on expressive ‘and’ dramatic
interventions ‘and’ originating _the_ family sculpting technique
❖ Institute for Family Studies in Milan, Italy formed in 1967
❖ an MRI based model that developed many innovative short term approaches
• Family _the_rapy: 1970 to_ 1979
❖ rapid growth in AAMFT based partly on recognition as an accrediting body for marriage ‘and’ family training
programs
❖ _the_ American Association “of” Marriage ‘and’ Family Counselors (AAMFC) changed its name to_ _the_
American Association for Marriage ‘and’ Family _the_rapy (AAMFT) in 1977
❖ Journal “of” Marital ‘and’ Family _the_rapy founded by AAMFT in 1974
❖ American Family _the_rapy Academy (AFTA) founded in 1977 to_ address clinical, research, ‘and’ teaching
issues
❖ AAMFT ‘and’ AFTA agreed on distinct roles ‘with’in _the_ pr”of”ession
❖ AFTA concentrated on _the_ exchange “of” ideas among advanced pr”of”essionals
❖ AAMFT focused on accreditation “of” training programs
❖ family _the_rapy continued to_ growth ‘and’ become more refined outside “of” psychoanalytical traditions
❖ Nathan Ackerman died in 1971
❖ _the_ approaches “of” Carl Whitaker (experiential family _the_rapy), Salvador Minuchin (structural family
_the_rapy), ‘and’ Jay Haley (strategic family _the_rapy) gained in popularity ‘and’ influence
, Family _the_rapy Histo_ry, _the_ory, ‘and’ Practice,Gladding,7e
Test Bank
❖ Families ‘and’ Family _the_rapy published in 1974 by Minuchin, serving as a practical training guide for
structural family _the_rapy
❖ Psychosomatic Families: Anorexia Nervosa in Context published by Minuchin ‘and’ associates in 1978,
highlighting _the_ power “of” _the_ structural family _the_rapy approach in working ‘with’ this disorder
• Influence “of” foreign _the_rapies ‘and’ _the_rapists
❖ family _the_rapy grew rapidly in Europe, particularly in Milan, Italy
❖ Milan associates
▪ developed circular questioning (asking questions that highlight differences among family members)
▪ developed triadic questioning (asking a third member how two o_the_r members “of” _the_ family relate)
▪ emphasis on developing hypo_the_ses about _the_ family before treatment begins
▪ utilized outside “of” session homework assignments that were “of”ten difficult ‘and’ ritualistic
❖ R.D. Laing, a British pr”of”essional, created _the_ term mystification to_ describe how some families mask
interactions between family members by giving contradicto_ry or confusing explanations
❖ Robin Skynner, ‘from’ Great Britain, developed a brief psychoanalytic family _the_rapy which complemented
_the_ earlier work “of” Nathan Ackerman ‘and’ Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy
• Feminist _the_ory ‘and’ family _the_rapy
❖ feminists began to_ question whe_the_r or not some concepts “of” family _the_rapy were oppressive to_
women
❖ A Feminist Approach to_ Family _the_rapy was published in Family Process by Rachel Hare-Mustin in 1978
❖ belief that sexism limits _the_ psychological well-being “of” women ‘and’ men ‘and’ must not be to_lerated
• Family _the_rapy: 1980 to_ 1989
❖ marked by _the_ retirement or death “of” many family _the_rapy founders ‘and’ leaders ‘and’ _the_
emergence “of” new leaders
❖ increase numbers “of” women leaders who created new _the_ories which challenged older ones
❖ Women's Project in Family _the_rapy in 1988 focused on gender free approaches to_ family _the_rapy
❖ increased numbers “of” individuals ‘and’ associations devoted to_ family _the_rapy, including _the_
International Association for Marriage ‘and’ Family Counseling (IAMFC) “of” _the_ American Counseling
Association ‘and’ Division 43 (Family Psychology) “of” _the_ American Psychological Association
❖ increased levels “of” research in family _the_rapy to_ provide evidence “of” _the_ effectiveness “of” family
_the_rapy
❖ increased numbers “of” publication in _the_ family _the_rapy field, including _the_ Family _the_rapy
Networker
❖ Creation “of” multisystemic _the_rapy, an intensive family- ‘and’ community-based approach for working ‘with’
juvenile “of”fenders
❖ recognition “of” family _the_rapy as one “of” four core mental health providers eligible for federal training
grants
• Family _the_rapy: 1990 to_ 1999
❖ family _the_rapy became a more worldwide phenomenon, ‘with’ associations, research, ‘and’ training
institutes established across _the_ globe
❖ new _the_ories were developed or refined
❖ feminist family _the_rapy examined gender sensitive issues in _the_rapy ra_the_r than masculine or feminine
issues, per se
❖ _the_ reflecting team approach “of” To_m Anderson used clinical observers to_ discuss _the_ir impressions
‘with’ _the_ _the_rapist ‘and’ _the_ family, thus becoming a part “of” _the_ _the_rapeutic team
❖ _the_ _the_rapeutic conversations model “of” Harlene Anderson ‘and’ Harry Goolishian used a postmodern
approach in which _the_ _the_rapist relates to_ _the_ family in a more collaborative, egalitarian partnership
❖ _the_ psychoeducational model “of” Carol Anderson emphasized teaching family members about multiple
aspects “of” mental illness, focusing on boundaries, hierarchy, ‘and’ _the_ integrity “of” subsystems
❖ _the_ internal family systems model “of” Richard Schwartz looks at both individual intrapsychic dynamics
‘and’ family systems
❖ social constructionism based models were radically different than systems based models in that _the_y are
based on _the_ belief that our experiences are a function “of” how we think about _the_m ra_the_r than
objective truths
❖ Basic Family _the_rapy Skills Project was established in 1987 to_ determine _the_ essential skills needed for
mastery “of” structural, strategic, brief, ‘and’ transgenerational family _the_rapy approaches
