Psychology Unit 3 Test Exam Questions And Answers

Which of the following is an example of classical conditioning? - ANS A student reflexively jumping up to leave the room when they hear a bell ring in class In Pavlov's experiment measuring a dog salivating to the sound of a bell, what was the unconditioned stimulus? - ANS Meat powder Samuel was bitten by dog as a child. Now whenever he sees any type of dog, he becomes very afraid. What type of learning occurred when he was bitten that could explain Samuel's fear of dogs, even when they are friendly and look nothing like the dog that bit him? - ANS Classically conditioned fear After being conditioned to be afraid of a white rat, Little Albert came to fear anything white and fuzzy. What is this process called? - ANS generalization If Pavlov continued to ring the bell and never gave the dog the meat powder, and the dog eventually stopped salivating, what process would be at work? - ANS Extinction Olga is training her dog to ring a bell when it wants to go outside. Of the following steps, which would be the first in shaping the dog's behavior to ring the bell? - ANS Reward the dog whenever it went near the bell Which of the following is an example of a reinforcement contingency? - ANS A rat receiving a sugar pellet if they press the lever in a Skinner Box when the light in the box is on Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer? - ANS Money The rewarding properties of a slot machine are due to what schedule of reinforcement? - ANS Variable ratio When a child is crying in a store and a parent buys them a piece of candy if they stop crying, what type of operant conditioning is acting on the parent? - ANS Negative reinforcement Though pizza used to be Edward's favorite food, he recently got sick after eating it. Now he cannot eat it because he feels sick whenever he smells pizza. What could explain Edward's sudden change? - ANS Conditioned taste aversion Why is someone more likely to develop a phobia of snakes than a phobia of a curling iron even though both can hurt them? - ANS Biological preparedness Which of the following is an example of latent learning? - ANS A rat who performed poorly on a maze when they were not reinforced suddenly improves when a food reward is offered A baseball player who always wears the same pair of 'lucky' socks because he believes they help him win is an example of: - ANS noncontingent reinforcement A rat who learns to find the location of a hidden platform to escape a pool of water using visual cues has likely: - ANS formed a cognitive map Which of Bandura's four steps would have to occur first in observational learning? - ANS attention Sam wants to learn how to dunk a basketball. She watches other people on the basketball court for hours and then practices her dunk by doing what they did. What type of learning is happening for Sam? - ANS observational learning How did Bandura demonstrate one way that children learn aggressive behavior? - ANS He had children watch a model punch a blow-up toy clown One day Jo's dog picked up the remote and dropped it next to Jo. Jo clapped and praised the dog as soon as it dropped the remote. Now every time Jo sits down on the couch, the dog picks up the remote and drops it in Jo's lap. What process explains the dog's behavior? - ANS positive reinforcement A parent who spanks their child would be using - ANS positive punishment Which of the following processes involves initial formation of a memory code? - ANS encoding While in history class, Anna was taking notes and finishing an assignment that was due in her next class. The next time Anna was in her history class she did not recall what the professor was talking about, even though she had written down notes last time. Which memory process was the primary reason Anna had trouble remembering her last class? - ANS Attention What level of processing would include rhyming a word with another word to help remember it? - ANS Intermediate processing Brandy is studying for her final exam in her brain anatomy class. She has trouble remembering the names for certain brain areas, so she connects the names with pictures of things like trees or animals to help her remember on the test. What memory encoding technique is Brandy using? - ANS visual imagery What type of memory is the shortest, lasting between a fraction of a second and several seconds? - ANS sensory memory Which of the following is a similarity between traditional models of short-term memory and the working memory model? - ANS Both models indicate that storage capacity for short-term memory is limited