Exam 3: Learning: Classical
conditioning, operant conditioning, and
observational learning
Learning - Correct Answers -a process that produces a relatively enduring change in
behavior or knowledge as a result of experience
Types of Learning - Correct Answers -1. Classical conditioning
2. Operant conditioning
3. Observational learning
Classical conditioning - Correct Answers -learning through association; learning to
connect a neutral stimulus with a meaningful one; stimulus => response
ex: fun dip and WI story, Watson and Little Albert, Pavlov's dog
Pavlov's study - Correct Answers -the ringing of a bell and the presentation of food are
repeatedly paired. When the food is no longer presented, the dogs salivate to the sound
of just the bell. (classical conditioning)
Conditioned - Correct Answers -learned (CC)
Unconditioned - Correct Answers -you already know how to do this; it does not need to
be learned (CC)
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) - Correct Answers -a stimulus that naturally triggers a
response (ex: meat) (CC)
Unconditioned response (UCR) - Correct Answers -the naturally occurring response to
the UCS
UCS ----> UCR (ex: salivating to meat) (CC)
Neutral stimulus - Correct Answers -something that does not usually produce a
response; paired with unconditioned stimulus; becomes conditioned stimulus (ex. bell
(NS) paired with meat (UCS) induces a salivary response) (CC)
Conditioned stimulus (CS) - Correct Answers -originally is neutral; during conditioning is
paired with the UCS to trigger a response (CC)
Conditioned response (CR) - Correct Answers -the learned reaction prompted by the
CS
, CS -----> CR
(ex: salivating to bell) (CC)
Variable interval - Correct Answers -the reinforcer is delivered following the occurrence
of the desired behavior after a variable amount of time (based on an average)
A steady, moderate rate of behavior.
(ex: pop quizzes always ensure studying, rat in Skinner box gets food every 10 min then
5 then 2 then 15). (OC).
Continuous reinforcement - Correct Answers -The light comes on every time you flip the
light switch.
Variable interval - Correct Answers -A fisherperson sits in a boat and waits for a fish to
bite.
Fixed ratio - Correct Answers -A dog is given a treat if it turns around 4 times.
Variable ratio - Correct Answers -A vacuum cleaner salesperson knocks on many doors
trying to sell the product.
Continuous reinforcement - Correct Answers -A child receives a gold star every time
she cleans her room.
Variable interval - Correct Answers -A person waits for her phone to ring.
Ratio - Correct Answers -Which has higher response rates? Ratio or interval
schedules? (OC)
John B. Watson - Correct Answers -Founder of Behaviorism.
Little Albert experiments: taught baby to fear white rat by striking a bar each time Albert
touched rat. Generalization occurred and Albert grew to fear furry things that were
similar to a rat. Note: phobias are conditioned responses (CC)
Acquisition - Correct Answers -acquiring a new response to a new stimulus
In fun dip and WI example: US=fun dip, UR=salivate when eat fun dip, NS="WI" paired
with fun dip in hopes that "WI" would make you salivate. (CC)
Generalization - Correct Answers -a learned response occurs (CR) in reference to other
similar stimuli
ex: if Pavlov used a whistle in addition to bell so that dog salivates at both bell and
whistle (CC)
Higher-order conditioning - Correct Answers -pair new NS with CS and see if can get
new CR to happen to the new NS
ex: introduce bell and blue light, take away bell and see if dog salivates with blue light
(CC)
conditioning, operant conditioning, and
observational learning
Learning - Correct Answers -a process that produces a relatively enduring change in
behavior or knowledge as a result of experience
Types of Learning - Correct Answers -1. Classical conditioning
2. Operant conditioning
3. Observational learning
Classical conditioning - Correct Answers -learning through association; learning to
connect a neutral stimulus with a meaningful one; stimulus => response
ex: fun dip and WI story, Watson and Little Albert, Pavlov's dog
Pavlov's study - Correct Answers -the ringing of a bell and the presentation of food are
repeatedly paired. When the food is no longer presented, the dogs salivate to the sound
of just the bell. (classical conditioning)
Conditioned - Correct Answers -learned (CC)
Unconditioned - Correct Answers -you already know how to do this; it does not need to
be learned (CC)
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS) - Correct Answers -a stimulus that naturally triggers a
response (ex: meat) (CC)
Unconditioned response (UCR) - Correct Answers -the naturally occurring response to
the UCS
UCS ----> UCR (ex: salivating to meat) (CC)
Neutral stimulus - Correct Answers -something that does not usually produce a
response; paired with unconditioned stimulus; becomes conditioned stimulus (ex. bell
(NS) paired with meat (UCS) induces a salivary response) (CC)
Conditioned stimulus (CS) - Correct Answers -originally is neutral; during conditioning is
paired with the UCS to trigger a response (CC)
Conditioned response (CR) - Correct Answers -the learned reaction prompted by the
CS
, CS -----> CR
(ex: salivating to bell) (CC)
Variable interval - Correct Answers -the reinforcer is delivered following the occurrence
of the desired behavior after a variable amount of time (based on an average)
A steady, moderate rate of behavior.
(ex: pop quizzes always ensure studying, rat in Skinner box gets food every 10 min then
5 then 2 then 15). (OC).
Continuous reinforcement - Correct Answers -The light comes on every time you flip the
light switch.
Variable interval - Correct Answers -A fisherperson sits in a boat and waits for a fish to
bite.
Fixed ratio - Correct Answers -A dog is given a treat if it turns around 4 times.
Variable ratio - Correct Answers -A vacuum cleaner salesperson knocks on many doors
trying to sell the product.
Continuous reinforcement - Correct Answers -A child receives a gold star every time
she cleans her room.
Variable interval - Correct Answers -A person waits for her phone to ring.
Ratio - Correct Answers -Which has higher response rates? Ratio or interval
schedules? (OC)
John B. Watson - Correct Answers -Founder of Behaviorism.
Little Albert experiments: taught baby to fear white rat by striking a bar each time Albert
touched rat. Generalization occurred and Albert grew to fear furry things that were
similar to a rat. Note: phobias are conditioned responses (CC)
Acquisition - Correct Answers -acquiring a new response to a new stimulus
In fun dip and WI example: US=fun dip, UR=salivate when eat fun dip, NS="WI" paired
with fun dip in hopes that "WI" would make you salivate. (CC)
Generalization - Correct Answers -a learned response occurs (CR) in reference to other
similar stimuli
ex: if Pavlov used a whistle in addition to bell so that dog salivates at both bell and
whistle (CC)
Higher-order conditioning - Correct Answers -pair new NS with CS and see if can get
new CR to happen to the new NS
ex: introduce bell and blue light, take away bell and see if dog salivates with blue light
(CC)
