Pathophysiology Questions and
Answers Latest Update | Graded A+
Outer layer of meninges, tough, fibrous, double layered. - ✔✔dura mater
Formed by spits in dura mater. Collect venous blood and CSF for return to
general circulation. - ✔✔dural sinuses
Area of thoracic cavity between lungs. Location of trachea, esophagus, heart &
large vessels - ✔✔mediastinum (what is it)
Fibrous sac, holds heart, double-walled, anchors heart to diaphragm. -
✔✔pericardial sac
inner layer of heart, forms 4 heart valves - ✔✔endocardium
separtes L & R sides of heart - ✔✔septum in heart
pacemaker - ✔✔SA node - other name
basic rate of impulses generated by SA node (70 beats per minute) - ✔✔sinus
rhythm
right atrium - ✔✔location of sinoatrial node
Spreads through atrial conduction pathways, resulting in contraction of both
atria - ✔✔Where does impulse go to after SA node
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,Atrioventricular node. Impulse arrives here after SA node sent it through atria -
✔✔AV node - what is it
Floor of R atrium near septum. Is the only anatomical connection between atrial
and ventricular portions of conduction system. - ✔✔AV node - where is it
Bundle of His - other name - ✔✔AV bundle - other name
Records electrical changes sent by conduction impulses as picked up by
electrodes - ✔✔ECG - what does it do
normal programmed cell death in tissues - ✔✔apoptosis
originating from within the body - ✔✔endogenous
originating from outside the body - ✔✔exogenous
necrotic tissue infected by bacteria - ✔✔gangrene
decreased or insufficient level of oxygen in the tissues - ✔✔hypoxia
caused by a treatment, procedure or error - ✔✔iatrogenic
no known cause - ✔✔idiopathic
decreased blood supply to an organ or tissue - ✔✔ischemia
destruction of a cell - ✔✔lysis
released into tissues undergoing lysis; cause inflammation and damage to
nearby cells and reduced function - ✔✔lysosomal enzymes
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, structural - ✔✔morphologic
development of the disease or sequence of events involved in the tissue
changes related to the specific disease process - ✔✔pathogenesis
Proceeding in a gradual, subtle way, with only vague or mild signs, but with
harmful effects. Ex: "the xx effects of stress"; hepatitis - ✔✔insidious
pathologic changes occur but no obvious manifestations exhibited, perhaps
because of great reserve capacity of some organs. Ex: kidney damage may
progress to an advanced stage of renal failure before symptoms are manifested.
- ✔✔subclinical
silent stage, no clinical signs evident. May be called incubation period in some
infectious diseases. May be communicable during this period. - ✔✔latent
time in early development of disease; pt know of change in body, but signs are
nonspecific; a stage in infections. Labs tests are negative, difficult to confirm
diagnosis. - ✔✔prodromal
clinical evidence or effects, signs and symptoms, local or systemic -
✔✔manifestations
specific local change in tissue, may be microscopic - ✔✔lesion
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©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025.
Answers Latest Update | Graded A+
Outer layer of meninges, tough, fibrous, double layered. - ✔✔dura mater
Formed by spits in dura mater. Collect venous blood and CSF for return to
general circulation. - ✔✔dural sinuses
Area of thoracic cavity between lungs. Location of trachea, esophagus, heart &
large vessels - ✔✔mediastinum (what is it)
Fibrous sac, holds heart, double-walled, anchors heart to diaphragm. -
✔✔pericardial sac
inner layer of heart, forms 4 heart valves - ✔✔endocardium
separtes L & R sides of heart - ✔✔septum in heart
pacemaker - ✔✔SA node - other name
basic rate of impulses generated by SA node (70 beats per minute) - ✔✔sinus
rhythm
right atrium - ✔✔location of sinoatrial node
Spreads through atrial conduction pathways, resulting in contraction of both
atria - ✔✔Where does impulse go to after SA node
1|Page
©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025.
,Atrioventricular node. Impulse arrives here after SA node sent it through atria -
✔✔AV node - what is it
Floor of R atrium near septum. Is the only anatomical connection between atrial
and ventricular portions of conduction system. - ✔✔AV node - where is it
Bundle of His - other name - ✔✔AV bundle - other name
Records electrical changes sent by conduction impulses as picked up by
electrodes - ✔✔ECG - what does it do
normal programmed cell death in tissues - ✔✔apoptosis
originating from within the body - ✔✔endogenous
originating from outside the body - ✔✔exogenous
necrotic tissue infected by bacteria - ✔✔gangrene
decreased or insufficient level of oxygen in the tissues - ✔✔hypoxia
caused by a treatment, procedure or error - ✔✔iatrogenic
no known cause - ✔✔idiopathic
decreased blood supply to an organ or tissue - ✔✔ischemia
destruction of a cell - ✔✔lysis
released into tissues undergoing lysis; cause inflammation and damage to
nearby cells and reduced function - ✔✔lysosomal enzymes
2|Page
©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025.
, structural - ✔✔morphologic
development of the disease or sequence of events involved in the tissue
changes related to the specific disease process - ✔✔pathogenesis
Proceeding in a gradual, subtle way, with only vague or mild signs, but with
harmful effects. Ex: "the xx effects of stress"; hepatitis - ✔✔insidious
pathologic changes occur but no obvious manifestations exhibited, perhaps
because of great reserve capacity of some organs. Ex: kidney damage may
progress to an advanced stage of renal failure before symptoms are manifested.
- ✔✔subclinical
silent stage, no clinical signs evident. May be called incubation period in some
infectious diseases. May be communicable during this period. - ✔✔latent
time in early development of disease; pt know of change in body, but signs are
nonspecific; a stage in infections. Labs tests are negative, difficult to confirm
diagnosis. - ✔✔prodromal
clinical evidence or effects, signs and symptoms, local or systemic -
✔✔manifestations
specific local change in tissue, may be microscopic - ✔✔lesion
3|Page
©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025.
