NUR 2063 pathophysiology exam 1 questions and answers
with solutions 2025
What is Pathophysiology - ANSWER is the study of what happens when the normal anatomy and
physiology go wrong, causing disorder and disease process of the human body.
What 4 things does pathophysiology include? - ANSWER Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical
Manifestations, and Treatment Implications
What is etiology - ANSWER study of causes or reasons for phenomena. Includes Idiopathic
conditions that have an unknown origin or cause.
What is pathogenesis? - ANSWER development or evolution of disease from initial stimulus to
the expression of manifestations as time occurs.
What are clinical manifestations? - ANSWER Signs and symptoms of disorder.
What are treatment implications? - ANSWER Which combine the etology, pathogenesis, and
clinical manifestations to determine the best treatment of condition per individual.
What are signs? - ANSWER Objective or observed manifestations of disease.
What are symptoms? - ANSWER Subjective feelings of abnormality in the body.
What is objective data - ANSWER What you observe and can measure.
What are examples of objective data? - ANSWER rash, low blood pressure, bleeding
What is subjective data? - ANSWER What the patient may report to you
,What are examples of subjective data? - ANSWER pain scale, they feel suicidal, fatigued.
What is epidemiology? - ANSWER study of the patterns of disease involving populations. Based
on the spread and contact of diseases in people.
What are the levels of disease prevention? - ANSWER Primary, Secondary, Tertiary
Explain Primary Prevention - ANSWER "Preventing"; altering susceptibility or reducing exposure
of disease for people.
Examples of Primary Prevention - ANSWER Vaccinations and Handwashing
Explain Secondary Prevention - ANSWER "Screening"; early detection, screening, and
management of disease to catch disease early before it spreads
Examples of Secondary Prevention - ANSWER PAP smears for STDs, lab work for HBA1C check,
mammogram
Explain Tertiary Prevention - ANSWER "Treating" and preventing further complications from a
disorder or disease after the person has the condition
Examples of Tertiary Prevention - ANSWER Rehab for hip surgery, relearning ADL's after
amputation, Wound care after stroke to prevent pressure ulcers.
What is homeostasis? - ANSWER a state of equilibrium in which all body systems are in balance
and the body is at its most optimal in functioning. Stable.
, What is allostasis? - ANSWER ability to successfully adapt to challenges. It is not a balance but
an attempt to adapt to achieve homeostasis. Example: sweating to lower ones body temp.
Stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome - ANSWER alarm, resistance, exhaustion
Explain alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome - ANSWER Where the sympathetic nervous
system is activated due to stress. Fight or Flight responses are activated and energy is given off
by the HPA axis to flee or fight the danger ahead. Blood must be redirected to vital organs in this
stage to give the organs energy to work.
Explain Resistance stage of general adaptation syndrome - ANSWER the activity of the
Parasympathetic Nervous system and the endocrine system to return the body to homeostasis.
The body should ultimately adapt to the stressor.
Explain the exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome - ANSWER Occurs when the
stressor is not removed or overcome in the body. The body can no longer return to homeostasis
after prolonged exposure to stressor. It causes the body to be depleted and damaged that can
lead to disease or death.
What complications can occur if stressors are not resolved from general adaptation syndrome? -
ANSWER disease can occur physically and mentally, such as anxiety, depression, headaches,
insomnia, infection, and heart disease.
Name the hormones released during alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome - ANSWER
Corticotrophin releasing hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, catecholamines(
norepinephrine and epinephrine) and cortisol
Explain the Role of corticotrophin releasing hormone in alarm stage - ANSWER activates the
sympathetic nervous system and adrenocorticotropic hormone.
with solutions 2025
What is Pathophysiology - ANSWER is the study of what happens when the normal anatomy and
physiology go wrong, causing disorder and disease process of the human body.
What 4 things does pathophysiology include? - ANSWER Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical
Manifestations, and Treatment Implications
What is etiology - ANSWER study of causes or reasons for phenomena. Includes Idiopathic
conditions that have an unknown origin or cause.
What is pathogenesis? - ANSWER development or evolution of disease from initial stimulus to
the expression of manifestations as time occurs.
What are clinical manifestations? - ANSWER Signs and symptoms of disorder.
What are treatment implications? - ANSWER Which combine the etology, pathogenesis, and
clinical manifestations to determine the best treatment of condition per individual.
What are signs? - ANSWER Objective or observed manifestations of disease.
What are symptoms? - ANSWER Subjective feelings of abnormality in the body.
What is objective data - ANSWER What you observe and can measure.
What are examples of objective data? - ANSWER rash, low blood pressure, bleeding
What is subjective data? - ANSWER What the patient may report to you
,What are examples of subjective data? - ANSWER pain scale, they feel suicidal, fatigued.
What is epidemiology? - ANSWER study of the patterns of disease involving populations. Based
on the spread and contact of diseases in people.
What are the levels of disease prevention? - ANSWER Primary, Secondary, Tertiary
Explain Primary Prevention - ANSWER "Preventing"; altering susceptibility or reducing exposure
of disease for people.
Examples of Primary Prevention - ANSWER Vaccinations and Handwashing
Explain Secondary Prevention - ANSWER "Screening"; early detection, screening, and
management of disease to catch disease early before it spreads
Examples of Secondary Prevention - ANSWER PAP smears for STDs, lab work for HBA1C check,
mammogram
Explain Tertiary Prevention - ANSWER "Treating" and preventing further complications from a
disorder or disease after the person has the condition
Examples of Tertiary Prevention - ANSWER Rehab for hip surgery, relearning ADL's after
amputation, Wound care after stroke to prevent pressure ulcers.
What is homeostasis? - ANSWER a state of equilibrium in which all body systems are in balance
and the body is at its most optimal in functioning. Stable.
, What is allostasis? - ANSWER ability to successfully adapt to challenges. It is not a balance but
an attempt to adapt to achieve homeostasis. Example: sweating to lower ones body temp.
Stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome - ANSWER alarm, resistance, exhaustion
Explain alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome - ANSWER Where the sympathetic nervous
system is activated due to stress. Fight or Flight responses are activated and energy is given off
by the HPA axis to flee or fight the danger ahead. Blood must be redirected to vital organs in this
stage to give the organs energy to work.
Explain Resistance stage of general adaptation syndrome - ANSWER the activity of the
Parasympathetic Nervous system and the endocrine system to return the body to homeostasis.
The body should ultimately adapt to the stressor.
Explain the exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome - ANSWER Occurs when the
stressor is not removed or overcome in the body. The body can no longer return to homeostasis
after prolonged exposure to stressor. It causes the body to be depleted and damaged that can
lead to disease or death.
What complications can occur if stressors are not resolved from general adaptation syndrome? -
ANSWER disease can occur physically and mentally, such as anxiety, depression, headaches,
insomnia, infection, and heart disease.
Name the hormones released during alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome - ANSWER
Corticotrophin releasing hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, catecholamines(
norepinephrine and epinephrine) and cortisol
Explain the Role of corticotrophin releasing hormone in alarm stage - ANSWER activates the
sympathetic nervous system and adrenocorticotropic hormone.
