PNB 2274 Exam 1 Questions and
Answers 100% Pass
Anatomy and Physiology - ✔✔study of structure and function
The Anatomic Position - ✔✔standing upright, feet parallel and on the floor, head level
and looking forward, arms at side of body, palms facing forward
Relative Orientation - ✔✔allows us to describe the relative position of one body
structure in relation to another
Inferior/Superior - ✔✔low/high
Rostral/Caudal - ✔✔towards head/towards tail
Anterior/Posterior - ✔✔front/back
Medial/Lateral - ✔✔towards middle/away from midline
Proximal/Distal - ✔✔near/far
3 Anatomic Planes - ✔✔1. Coronal: divides the body into anterior and posterior (front
and back)
2. Transverse: divides the body into inferior and superior (upper and lower)
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,3. Midsagittal: divides the body into equal left and right halves
Homeostasis - ✔✔the tendency of an organism to maintain a stable internal
environment though the external environment changes continuously, maintained to
ensure survival and proper biological functioning of the cell constituents
Homeostatic Control Systems - ✔✔mechanisms that monitor the internal environment
and correct as needed
Local Control - ✔✔isolated change in a few cells or a tissue, response emerges and acts
locally
Reflex Control - ✔✔long distance signaling, typically involving endocrine or neural
responses
Response Loop - ✔✔Stimulus: change in environment
Sensor: receptor
Input: afferent neuron
Controller: integrating center
Output: hormone/neuron
Target
Response: change corrected
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, Integrator - ✔✔possess a set point within a normal range, looks for error signals and
responds to the error by controlling the target effector
Feedback - ✔✔some part of the output system is returned to its input in order to
regulate its further output
Negative Feedback Loops - ✔✔-occurs when the system cuts to oppose changes to the
input of the system
-shut off original input
-help maintain homeostasis
-prevent sudden, severe changes within the body
-counteract bodily disruption
-most common
Positive Feedback Loops - ✔✔-occurs when the output of a system acts to increase
changes to the input of the system
-require outside factors to shut down the system
-not homeostatic --> response amplifies stimulus, sends organisms further from setpoint
-lactation, birth
Katelyn Whitman, All Rights Reserved © 2025 3
Answers 100% Pass
Anatomy and Physiology - ✔✔study of structure and function
The Anatomic Position - ✔✔standing upright, feet parallel and on the floor, head level
and looking forward, arms at side of body, palms facing forward
Relative Orientation - ✔✔allows us to describe the relative position of one body
structure in relation to another
Inferior/Superior - ✔✔low/high
Rostral/Caudal - ✔✔towards head/towards tail
Anterior/Posterior - ✔✔front/back
Medial/Lateral - ✔✔towards middle/away from midline
Proximal/Distal - ✔✔near/far
3 Anatomic Planes - ✔✔1. Coronal: divides the body into anterior and posterior (front
and back)
2. Transverse: divides the body into inferior and superior (upper and lower)
Katelyn Whitman, All Rights Reserved © 2025 1
,3. Midsagittal: divides the body into equal left and right halves
Homeostasis - ✔✔the tendency of an organism to maintain a stable internal
environment though the external environment changes continuously, maintained to
ensure survival and proper biological functioning of the cell constituents
Homeostatic Control Systems - ✔✔mechanisms that monitor the internal environment
and correct as needed
Local Control - ✔✔isolated change in a few cells or a tissue, response emerges and acts
locally
Reflex Control - ✔✔long distance signaling, typically involving endocrine or neural
responses
Response Loop - ✔✔Stimulus: change in environment
Sensor: receptor
Input: afferent neuron
Controller: integrating center
Output: hormone/neuron
Target
Response: change corrected
Katelyn Whitman, All Rights Reserved © 2025 2
, Integrator - ✔✔possess a set point within a normal range, looks for error signals and
responds to the error by controlling the target effector
Feedback - ✔✔some part of the output system is returned to its input in order to
regulate its further output
Negative Feedback Loops - ✔✔-occurs when the system cuts to oppose changes to the
input of the system
-shut off original input
-help maintain homeostasis
-prevent sudden, severe changes within the body
-counteract bodily disruption
-most common
Positive Feedback Loops - ✔✔-occurs when the output of a system acts to increase
changes to the input of the system
-require outside factors to shut down the system
-not homeostatic --> response amplifies stimulus, sends organisms further from setpoint
-lactation, birth
Katelyn Whitman, All Rights Reserved © 2025 3
