PSYC 460 Exam Questions set, all with 100%
Correct Answers
What role do opioids play in the group domain - ✔✔when opioid levels decrease, it
motivates social behavior/wanting to be close to them but not reciprocity and then
levels rise again as long as they are accepted by the group
What role does Testosterone play in the group domain - ✔✔when group wins
contest, testosterone goes up. When group loses, testosterone goes down. There is an
increase in testosterone for at least 2 hours
What are the social-emotional responses in a group domain - ✔✔1. If scarce or
threatened resource, then there is some kind of intergroup conflict.
2. If group wins, then there is pleasure that other groups lost. Out-group contempt
increases.
3. if group loses, then there is shame and there is some sort of protective repair to make
sure it doesnt happen again
4. if exclusion, then you feel sad, anxious, and fearful
5. if defection, then you feel anger and retribution
What problems does protection solve for coalitional groups - ✔✔Living in a group
provides you with protection from predators, variants and resources, other humans
from other groups, etc
What problems does affording benefits solve for coalitional groups? - ✔✔Living in a
social group influences your reproductive success indirectly (collective action
projects/spousal support) and directly (access to mates), buffer from resource variants
,What are some potential problems coalitional groups might have to face? -
✔✔Deciding who is most likely to benefit the group versus cause cost to the group.
Not everyone is an equally valuable group member
What do we remember about individuals - ✔✔(happens on an unconscious level) Sex,
age, social status, kin vs non-kin, race, friendship, health
What can sex tell us about a person - ✔✔potential competitors for mates and/or
resources, potential cooperator (same sex)
potential mate (opposite sex), potential threat (from females perspective of male)
Cognitive consequences of categorization - ✔✔-outgroup homogeneity effect
-ingroup differentiation bias
-extremity bias
-illusory correlations
-group attribution error
-stereotypes
Outgroup homogeneity effect - ✔✔tendency to believe that all of your out-group
members are the same
In-group differentiation bias - ✔✔you think everyone in your group are individuals
and different but out-group members are all the same
extremity bias - ✔✔make more extreme judgements about people in other groups
, illusory correlations - ✔✔basing judgement from a small number of people and
believing it applies to the entire group
Group attribution error and stereotypes - ✔✔basing judgement about individuals on
what you perceive to be general characteristics of the whole group
What does the locksley, ortiz, and hepburn experiment tell us about in-group vs out-
group - ✔✔random assignment is sufficient enough to create in-group out-group
conflict
Why does in-group vs out-group appear in all cultures - ✔✔Because we've evolved
from group living. We get uncomfortable in social setting when we don't know where
we belong
How is intergroup conflict resolved? - ✔✔Superordinate goals hypothesis
superordinate goals hypothesis - ✔✔Situations that encourage people to achieve a
common goal reduces conflict between groups
Contact hypothesis - ✔✔hanging out and doing activities together
Necessary ingredients for conflict-reducing contact situations - ✔✔-cooperation
-equal status
-positive, personal interaction
-norms
Cooperation as a conflict-reducing situation - ✔✔mutual goal is very important. Have
to establish a common interest (without this, cannot get cooperation)
Correct Answers
What role do opioids play in the group domain - ✔✔when opioid levels decrease, it
motivates social behavior/wanting to be close to them but not reciprocity and then
levels rise again as long as they are accepted by the group
What role does Testosterone play in the group domain - ✔✔when group wins
contest, testosterone goes up. When group loses, testosterone goes down. There is an
increase in testosterone for at least 2 hours
What are the social-emotional responses in a group domain - ✔✔1. If scarce or
threatened resource, then there is some kind of intergroup conflict.
2. If group wins, then there is pleasure that other groups lost. Out-group contempt
increases.
3. if group loses, then there is shame and there is some sort of protective repair to make
sure it doesnt happen again
4. if exclusion, then you feel sad, anxious, and fearful
5. if defection, then you feel anger and retribution
What problems does protection solve for coalitional groups - ✔✔Living in a group
provides you with protection from predators, variants and resources, other humans
from other groups, etc
What problems does affording benefits solve for coalitional groups? - ✔✔Living in a
social group influences your reproductive success indirectly (collective action
projects/spousal support) and directly (access to mates), buffer from resource variants
,What are some potential problems coalitional groups might have to face? -
✔✔Deciding who is most likely to benefit the group versus cause cost to the group.
Not everyone is an equally valuable group member
What do we remember about individuals - ✔✔(happens on an unconscious level) Sex,
age, social status, kin vs non-kin, race, friendship, health
What can sex tell us about a person - ✔✔potential competitors for mates and/or
resources, potential cooperator (same sex)
potential mate (opposite sex), potential threat (from females perspective of male)
Cognitive consequences of categorization - ✔✔-outgroup homogeneity effect
-ingroup differentiation bias
-extremity bias
-illusory correlations
-group attribution error
-stereotypes
Outgroup homogeneity effect - ✔✔tendency to believe that all of your out-group
members are the same
In-group differentiation bias - ✔✔you think everyone in your group are individuals
and different but out-group members are all the same
extremity bias - ✔✔make more extreme judgements about people in other groups
, illusory correlations - ✔✔basing judgement from a small number of people and
believing it applies to the entire group
Group attribution error and stereotypes - ✔✔basing judgement about individuals on
what you perceive to be general characteristics of the whole group
What does the locksley, ortiz, and hepburn experiment tell us about in-group vs out-
group - ✔✔random assignment is sufficient enough to create in-group out-group
conflict
Why does in-group vs out-group appear in all cultures - ✔✔Because we've evolved
from group living. We get uncomfortable in social setting when we don't know where
we belong
How is intergroup conflict resolved? - ✔✔Superordinate goals hypothesis
superordinate goals hypothesis - ✔✔Situations that encourage people to achieve a
common goal reduces conflict between groups
Contact hypothesis - ✔✔hanging out and doing activities together
Necessary ingredients for conflict-reducing contact situations - ✔✔-cooperation
-equal status
-positive, personal interaction
-norms
Cooperation as a conflict-reducing situation - ✔✔mutual goal is very important. Have
to establish a common interest (without this, cannot get cooperation)
