TEST 3 - Advanced Pathophysiology
Summer 2018 UTA 5315
*Cerebellar Tonsillar Herniation* - ANS-*Most not unusual* kind of brain herniation
Patho: Downward movement of the cerebellum through the foramen magnum
Signs: *Stiff neck, reduced LOC, respiratory abnormalities, pulse versions*
three tiers of surprise - ANS-1. Nonprogressive. Early surprise. In an try and keep perfusion,
heart rate will increase & vasoconstriction takes place to preserve perfusion and boom blood
pressure.
2. Progressive. Body is no longer able to compensate. Hypoxia, anaerobic mobile
metabolism (creation of strength with carbs inside the absence of oxygen), & manufacturing
of lactic acid. MULTI-ORGAN FAILURE OCCURS.
3. Irreversible shock. Organs are completely and critically broken. Patient will not survive.
Four levels of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy - ANS-The better the quantity, the extra
massive the tau protein accumulation & worse the disorder
Stage I: p-tau neurofibrillary tangles are remoted to cerebral cortex
Stage four: p-tau proteins are massive at some stage in mind
Acute Confusional State (Delirium) - ANS-Sudden cerebral disorder; affected person can be
everyday one minute and delirious the following.
Signs: Confusion, agitation, memory impairments, distractibility, compulsive conduct,
obsessions
Causes are generally correctable: ETOH withdrawal, drug intoxication, siezures, electrolyte
imbalances (sodium & calcium), hypoglycemia, hypoxia, hypercapnia, infection, head injury
Acute Coronary Syndrome - ANS-Broad time period which emcompasses three diagnoses:
Unstable angina, Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction, ST elevation infarction
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome - ANS-Type of respiratory failure which results from
big lung inflammation and huge alveolar capillary damage
Damage extensively impairs fuel exchange and the affected person may have substantial
issues with oxygenation
Causes: Pneumonia, sepsis, large trauma, burns, aspiration, DIC, pancreatitis
Acute Respiratory Failure - ANS--Hypoxemia resp. Failure = PaO2 much less than or same
to 50 (norm 80-100)
-Hypercapnia resp. Failure = PaCO2 more than or same to 50 (norm 35-45)
-In either case, foremost disfunction is an impairment in diffusion
,All Hematomas... - ANS--Compress brain tissue
-Increase intracranial pressure
-Brain herniation if bleed isn't resolved
Alzheimer's Disease - ANS-Most commonplace form of dementia
Death takes place 5-10 years after onset
Alzheimer's Patho - ANS-1. Accumulation of amyloid (starch like protein) in brain
2. Accumulation causes neufibrillary tangles (distortion & twisting of neurons)
three. Senile plaques shape
four. Senile plaques lead to disrupted nerve impulse transmission and neuron dying
Anaphylactic Shock - ANS-Results from pathologic immune and inflammatory response to
an antigen, leading to sizable VASODILATION.
Type I hypersensitive reaction.
IgE mediated.
Anterior Cerebral Artery - ANS-Occlusion of this artery consequences in *contralateral
(opposite of damage) hemiparesis* and *lack of sensation*; signs and symptoms might be
greater found in *decrease extremities*
Anterior Inferior Artery - ANS-Occlusion would cause vomiting, vertigo, nystagmus (eyes
flutter), decreased lacrimation (tears production), decreased flavor, reduced corneal reflex,
reduced ache and temperature sensation in face, decreased ipsilateral (identical facet as
damage) hearing
Aortic Valve Regurgitation - ANS--Valve is TOO WIDE or TOO NARROW, blood doesn't skip
via correctly, inflicting returned go with the flow of blood into the left ventricle
-Marked by EARLY DIASTOLIC MURMUR (on systole, heart contracts and pushes blood up
the aorta, but on diastole, heart relaxes and useless aortic valve isn't able to maintain blood
up in aorta, so blood falls and makes a swish sound, which is the murmur)
-Most typically because of AORTIC ROOT DILATION(place to begin of aorta is too huge)
-Other causes: infective endocarditis, rheumatic fever, aortitis from syphilis, coarctation
(congenital narrowing of aorta), aortic dissection (tear), ankylosing spondylitis (inflammatory
arthritis)
-Acute: will increase left ventricular give up-diastolic strain (LVEDP) (elevated blood back off
inside the left ventricle increases pressure), reduced stroke quantity (no longer an awful lot
blood is being pushed from left ventricle because blood's subsidized up and overwhelming
left ventricle), ordinary or decreased pulse stress, reduced cardiac output (aorta isn't always
correctly pumping blood from heart)
Chronic: Body adjusts; LVEDP normalizes, systolic bp increases (reimbursement: tougher
contraction to push blood out of aorta earlier than it falls back off to left ventricle), diastolic bp
decreases (reimbursement: reduced rest of coronary heart to prevent blood from seeping
returned out of aorta), cardiac output is everyday, pulse strain is growth. Blood ultimately is
backed up into the left atrium and pulmonary stream.
Aortic Valve Stenosis - ANS--Most common valvular ailment
-Most common causes are aortic valve CALCIFICATION (stiffening) in people over 60;
congenital aortic valve stenosis in people much less than 30
-Normal valve three cm; signs seen while valve much less than 1 cm; excessive while valve
is much less than 0.5 cm
, -Narrowed valve prevents outflow from left ventricle to aorta. This backs up blood to the left
atrium and in the long run floods the lung inflicting PULMONARY EDEMA
S/Sx: Pulmonary hypertension/edema, poor outflow of aorta to frame (aorta sends out
oxygenated blood to body), inflicting fainting or chest ache
Simplified: Aorta is stiff and cannot send out oxygenated blood well to the body, depriving
tissues of oxygen. Blood receives subsidized up into lungs, inflicting pulmonary edema.
Aseptic Meningitis - ANS-Causitive organism can't be discovered or it is viral
Asthma - ANS--Reactive airway disorder brought about by an hypersensitive reaction
-IgE mediated response
-Airway narrows, causing dyspnea and wheezing
-Results in clean muscle hypertrophy, goblet mobile hyperplasia, thickening and hyalinization
of the basement membranes, proliferation of eosinophils, bronchial mucous plugs.
-Exacerbations often trigged by using viral contamination.
-RSV is most common bronchial asthma cause for toddlers and babies
Asthma in Children - ANS--Affects boys more often
-Severity is basically based on socioeconomic reputation
-Vit D deficiency may additionally play a role in bronchial asthma. Vit D is anti-inflammatory
and mediates t-cell immune responses
-RSV is most common bronchial asthma trigger for babies and infants
Atherosclerosis Causes - ANS--Begins with tissue damage
Sources of damage:
CIGARETTES (toxins)
Hypertension (multiplied pressure of the blood hitting the blood vessel can weaken it)
Diabetes
Hyperlipidemia (lipids take region of endothelial cells lining the blood vessel, starting up an
inflammatory reaction)
Atrial Septal Defect
(maximum common congenital heart defect in adults) - ANS--Most not unusual purpose is a
patent foramen ovale (hole) that does not near
-Associated with FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME and DOWN SYNDROME
-Sign: Midsystolic murmur at top sternal border
-Increases risk for EMBOLUS
Automatisms - ANS-May include lip smacking, chewing, facial grimacing, swallowing
movements, patting, choosing, rubbing oneself or garments
Basilar Artery - ANS-Occlusion consequences in *quadriplegia*,
*loss* of voluntary *facial*, mouth, and tongue *actions*
*Consciousness will continue to be intact.*
*LOCKED-IN SYNDROME*
Brain hernation - ANS-Pressure in mind movements mind tissue
Potentially deadly
Brudzinski's Sign - ANS-Severe *neck stiffness*
(*Bruh, I can not flow my neck = Brudzinski's*) Sign of MENINGITIS (probably secondary to
subarachnoid hemorrhage)
Cardiogenic Shock - ANS-Results in COLLAPSE OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM secondary to
pump failure. TYPICALLY CAUSED BY MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. Left ventricular
systole fails and isn't capable of preserve cardiac output, blood strain, or perfusion. In any
shock state, vasoconstriction happens. This increases the workload of the heart, making it
extra tough for the left ventricle to pump blood, worsening the shock kingdom.
Summer 2018 UTA 5315
*Cerebellar Tonsillar Herniation* - ANS-*Most not unusual* kind of brain herniation
Patho: Downward movement of the cerebellum through the foramen magnum
Signs: *Stiff neck, reduced LOC, respiratory abnormalities, pulse versions*
three tiers of surprise - ANS-1. Nonprogressive. Early surprise. In an try and keep perfusion,
heart rate will increase & vasoconstriction takes place to preserve perfusion and boom blood
pressure.
2. Progressive. Body is no longer able to compensate. Hypoxia, anaerobic mobile
metabolism (creation of strength with carbs inside the absence of oxygen), & manufacturing
of lactic acid. MULTI-ORGAN FAILURE OCCURS.
3. Irreversible shock. Organs are completely and critically broken. Patient will not survive.
Four levels of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy - ANS-The better the quantity, the extra
massive the tau protein accumulation & worse the disorder
Stage I: p-tau neurofibrillary tangles are remoted to cerebral cortex
Stage four: p-tau proteins are massive at some stage in mind
Acute Confusional State (Delirium) - ANS-Sudden cerebral disorder; affected person can be
everyday one minute and delirious the following.
Signs: Confusion, agitation, memory impairments, distractibility, compulsive conduct,
obsessions
Causes are generally correctable: ETOH withdrawal, drug intoxication, siezures, electrolyte
imbalances (sodium & calcium), hypoglycemia, hypoxia, hypercapnia, infection, head injury
Acute Coronary Syndrome - ANS-Broad time period which emcompasses three diagnoses:
Unstable angina, Non ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction, ST elevation infarction
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome - ANS-Type of respiratory failure which results from
big lung inflammation and huge alveolar capillary damage
Damage extensively impairs fuel exchange and the affected person may have substantial
issues with oxygenation
Causes: Pneumonia, sepsis, large trauma, burns, aspiration, DIC, pancreatitis
Acute Respiratory Failure - ANS--Hypoxemia resp. Failure = PaO2 much less than or same
to 50 (norm 80-100)
-Hypercapnia resp. Failure = PaCO2 more than or same to 50 (norm 35-45)
-In either case, foremost disfunction is an impairment in diffusion
,All Hematomas... - ANS--Compress brain tissue
-Increase intracranial pressure
-Brain herniation if bleed isn't resolved
Alzheimer's Disease - ANS-Most commonplace form of dementia
Death takes place 5-10 years after onset
Alzheimer's Patho - ANS-1. Accumulation of amyloid (starch like protein) in brain
2. Accumulation causes neufibrillary tangles (distortion & twisting of neurons)
three. Senile plaques shape
four. Senile plaques lead to disrupted nerve impulse transmission and neuron dying
Anaphylactic Shock - ANS-Results from pathologic immune and inflammatory response to
an antigen, leading to sizable VASODILATION.
Type I hypersensitive reaction.
IgE mediated.
Anterior Cerebral Artery - ANS-Occlusion of this artery consequences in *contralateral
(opposite of damage) hemiparesis* and *lack of sensation*; signs and symptoms might be
greater found in *decrease extremities*
Anterior Inferior Artery - ANS-Occlusion would cause vomiting, vertigo, nystagmus (eyes
flutter), decreased lacrimation (tears production), decreased flavor, reduced corneal reflex,
reduced ache and temperature sensation in face, decreased ipsilateral (identical facet as
damage) hearing
Aortic Valve Regurgitation - ANS--Valve is TOO WIDE or TOO NARROW, blood doesn't skip
via correctly, inflicting returned go with the flow of blood into the left ventricle
-Marked by EARLY DIASTOLIC MURMUR (on systole, heart contracts and pushes blood up
the aorta, but on diastole, heart relaxes and useless aortic valve isn't able to maintain blood
up in aorta, so blood falls and makes a swish sound, which is the murmur)
-Most typically because of AORTIC ROOT DILATION(place to begin of aorta is too huge)
-Other causes: infective endocarditis, rheumatic fever, aortitis from syphilis, coarctation
(congenital narrowing of aorta), aortic dissection (tear), ankylosing spondylitis (inflammatory
arthritis)
-Acute: will increase left ventricular give up-diastolic strain (LVEDP) (elevated blood back off
inside the left ventricle increases pressure), reduced stroke quantity (no longer an awful lot
blood is being pushed from left ventricle because blood's subsidized up and overwhelming
left ventricle), ordinary or decreased pulse stress, reduced cardiac output (aorta isn't always
correctly pumping blood from heart)
Chronic: Body adjusts; LVEDP normalizes, systolic bp increases (reimbursement: tougher
contraction to push blood out of aorta earlier than it falls back off to left ventricle), diastolic bp
decreases (reimbursement: reduced rest of coronary heart to prevent blood from seeping
returned out of aorta), cardiac output is everyday, pulse strain is growth. Blood ultimately is
backed up into the left atrium and pulmonary stream.
Aortic Valve Stenosis - ANS--Most common valvular ailment
-Most common causes are aortic valve CALCIFICATION (stiffening) in people over 60;
congenital aortic valve stenosis in people much less than 30
-Normal valve three cm; signs seen while valve much less than 1 cm; excessive while valve
is much less than 0.5 cm
, -Narrowed valve prevents outflow from left ventricle to aorta. This backs up blood to the left
atrium and in the long run floods the lung inflicting PULMONARY EDEMA
S/Sx: Pulmonary hypertension/edema, poor outflow of aorta to frame (aorta sends out
oxygenated blood to body), inflicting fainting or chest ache
Simplified: Aorta is stiff and cannot send out oxygenated blood well to the body, depriving
tissues of oxygen. Blood receives subsidized up into lungs, inflicting pulmonary edema.
Aseptic Meningitis - ANS-Causitive organism can't be discovered or it is viral
Asthma - ANS--Reactive airway disorder brought about by an hypersensitive reaction
-IgE mediated response
-Airway narrows, causing dyspnea and wheezing
-Results in clean muscle hypertrophy, goblet mobile hyperplasia, thickening and hyalinization
of the basement membranes, proliferation of eosinophils, bronchial mucous plugs.
-Exacerbations often trigged by using viral contamination.
-RSV is most common bronchial asthma cause for toddlers and babies
Asthma in Children - ANS--Affects boys more often
-Severity is basically based on socioeconomic reputation
-Vit D deficiency may additionally play a role in bronchial asthma. Vit D is anti-inflammatory
and mediates t-cell immune responses
-RSV is most common bronchial asthma trigger for babies and infants
Atherosclerosis Causes - ANS--Begins with tissue damage
Sources of damage:
CIGARETTES (toxins)
Hypertension (multiplied pressure of the blood hitting the blood vessel can weaken it)
Diabetes
Hyperlipidemia (lipids take region of endothelial cells lining the blood vessel, starting up an
inflammatory reaction)
Atrial Septal Defect
(maximum common congenital heart defect in adults) - ANS--Most not unusual purpose is a
patent foramen ovale (hole) that does not near
-Associated with FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME and DOWN SYNDROME
-Sign: Midsystolic murmur at top sternal border
-Increases risk for EMBOLUS
Automatisms - ANS-May include lip smacking, chewing, facial grimacing, swallowing
movements, patting, choosing, rubbing oneself or garments
Basilar Artery - ANS-Occlusion consequences in *quadriplegia*,
*loss* of voluntary *facial*, mouth, and tongue *actions*
*Consciousness will continue to be intact.*
*LOCKED-IN SYNDROME*
Brain hernation - ANS-Pressure in mind movements mind tissue
Potentially deadly
Brudzinski's Sign - ANS-Severe *neck stiffness*
(*Bruh, I can not flow my neck = Brudzinski's*) Sign of MENINGITIS (probably secondary to
subarachnoid hemorrhage)
Cardiogenic Shock - ANS-Results in COLLAPSE OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM secondary to
pump failure. TYPICALLY CAUSED BY MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. Left ventricular
systole fails and isn't capable of preserve cardiac output, blood strain, or perfusion. In any
shock state, vasoconstriction happens. This increases the workload of the heart, making it
extra tough for the left ventricle to pump blood, worsening the shock kingdom.
