Pathophysiology Module 9 Exam Questions Fully Solved Latest () Already Passed

Pathophysiology Module 9 Exam Questions Fully Solved Latest () Already Passed endocrine, paracrine, autocrine - Answers endocrine: hormones are released into circulation to act on a target organ paracrine: hormones act locally on cells close to where they are released autocrine: hormones produce a biologic action on the cell that released them transport carriers on which hormones? - Answers peptide and protein hormones: unattached steroid hormones: carrier protein what are the different structural types of hormones? - Answers amines and amino acids peptides and proteins steroids, made from cholesterol function of hypothalamus - Answers link between NS and endocrine regulates homeostasis, body temp, hunger, behavior. emotion, pain produces releasing hormones which stimulate pituitary to release stimulating hormones What is the role of the pituitary gland? - Answers "master gland," stimulates target organs to secrete their hormones anterior pituitary hormones - Answers GH, ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, prolactin posterior pituitary hormones - Answers ADH and oxytocin ways hormones can be oversecreted - Answers 1. target gland over-secretes due to pathology 2. pituitary or hypothalamus over-stimulates target gland 3. hormones produced from different site (tumor) 4. hyperactive genetic mutation of target hormone receptors ways decreased hormone secretion happens - Answers 1. congenital or acquired disorder of target gland 2. pituitary doesn't secrete enough stimulating hormone 3. hypothalamus doesn't secrete enough releasing hormone 4. hormone is defective 5. receptors of target organ don't respond lab values in primary vs. secondary hyperthyroidism - Answers primary: low TSH (thyroid is secreting a lot of hormone without being told by the pituitary) secondary: high TSH (pituitary is over-secreting it) both: high T3 and T4 Graves: anti-TSH antibodies T3 and T4 functions - Answers regulates metabolism, protein synthesis, mental development, sexual maturity, growth and development THRH --> TSH --> T3 & T4 primary hyperthyroidism is seen in - Answers Grave's disease toxic nodule hyperthyroidism clinical presentation - Answers weight loss, increased appetite, tachycardia, dyspnea, heat intolerance, tremor, nervousness Grave's: ophthalmopathy, exophthalmos, pretibial myxedema, diffuse goiter, thyroid bruit hyperthyroidism diagnosis - Answers lab values of T3, T4, TSH radioiodine uptake test, thyroid scans and ultrasound fine needle aspiration for benign vs. malignant hyperthyroidism treatment - Answers beta blockers: for tachycardia and anxiety methimazole, propylthiouracil: decreased thyroid hormone synthesis thyroid can be removed (but can lead to hypothyroidism) Primary hypothyroidism - Answers primary: thyroid not producing enough thyroid hormone. Caused by congenital thyroid disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, drugs toxic to thyroid, iodine deficiency, post-surgical, radiation Hashimoto's thyroiditis - Answers autoimmune disease in which antibodies attack thyroid and stop functioning secondary hypothyroidism - Answers pituitary is not secreting enough TSH