DRUG EXAM #3 QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS
Gene knockout - ANSWER-genetic manipulation in which one or more of an organism's
genes are prevented from being expressed
Genome - ANSWER-the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all
the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes
Genomics - ANSWER-study of whole genomes, including genes and their functions
assay - ANSWER-an investigative or analytic procedure for assessing or measuring the
presence, amount, or functional activity of a drug
hyperpermeable - ANSWER-Increased penetration through a membrane. Bacteria are
often made to be hyperpermeable to get more compounds identified in your first sweep.
An example would be if we were to include antimicrobial peptides in our M9 minimal
media. The antimicrobial peptides would poke holes in the membrane of the salmonella
and make more compounds effective in killing the salmonella (easier for them to get into
the salmonella)
hypersusceptible - ANSWER-responding at low levels of exposure. Ex making the
Salmonella hyperpermeable also makes it hypersusceptible to antibiotics
high throughput screening - ANSWER-rapid testing process involving a large number of
experimental drugs
Phenotypic screening - ANSWER-a strategy used in drug discovery to identify
molecules with the ability to alter a cell's phenotype. Animal models and cell-based
assays are both strategies used to identify these molecules. (ie the set of observable
characteristics)
-compound screens (zooming out)
Solubility - ANSWER-A measure of how much solute can dissolve in a given solvent at
a given temperature.
Selectivity - ANSWER-Drug elicits only the response for which it is given
Potency - ANSWER-the strength of something such as a drug or alcoholic beverage.
MIC - ANSWER-Minimal inhibitory concentrations- the lowest concentration of an
antimicrobial (like an antifungal, antibiotic or bacteriostatic) drug that will inhibit the
visible growth of a microorganism after overnight incubation.
, therapeutic index - ANSWER-the ratio between the toxic and therapeutic concentrations
of a drug (LD50/ED50)
ED50 - ANSWER-An abbreviation for the effective dose of a chemical that causes 50
percent of the individuals in a dose-response study to display a harmful, but nonlethal,
effect
TD50 - ANSWER-toxic dose in 50% of the population
dose-response curve - ANSWER-Graph displaying dosage (usually logarithmic) on the
x-axis and % of the sample experiencing effects on the y-axis
TPP - ANSWER-A target product profile (TPP) outlines the desired 'profile' or
characteristics of a target product that is aimed at a particular disease or diseases.
Bioavailability - ANSWER-A measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug
and route (from 0% to 100%).
MDR - ANSWER-multi-drug resistant
Pharmacokinetics - ANSWER-the study of drug movement throughout the body
bioanalytical assays - ANSWER-Methods for quantitative measurement of a drug, drug
metabolites, or chemicals in biological fluids. in biological fluids, primarily blood, plasma,
serum, urine, or tissue extracts
medicinal chemistry - ANSWER-study of new drug synthesis; relationship between
chemical structure and biological effects
efficacy - ANSWER-the ability to produce a desired or intended result
in vivo - ANSWER-involves testing or with living subjects such as animals, plants or
whole cells. For example, clinical trials focused on assessing the safety and efficacy of
an experimental drug in humans are considered in BLANK studies
in vitro - ANSWER-within a glass, observable within a test tube- Cell culture. studies
carried out with microorganisms or biological molecules outside of their normal
biological environment
-It should be an enzyme with a critical function in a biochemical pathway of central
importance to the bacterial cell. Also the target should be easily accessible (say a
protein on the surface of the cell). Also targeting things that are specific to the bacteria
and not specific to the person is good because it helps avoid toxicity/side effects.
-To identify a new essential target that won't risk collateral damage to the human host -
ANSWER-Describe the qualities of an ideal drug target
CORRECT ANSWERS
Gene knockout - ANSWER-genetic manipulation in which one or more of an organism's
genes are prevented from being expressed
Genome - ANSWER-the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all
the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes
Genomics - ANSWER-study of whole genomes, including genes and their functions
assay - ANSWER-an investigative or analytic procedure for assessing or measuring the
presence, amount, or functional activity of a drug
hyperpermeable - ANSWER-Increased penetration through a membrane. Bacteria are
often made to be hyperpermeable to get more compounds identified in your first sweep.
An example would be if we were to include antimicrobial peptides in our M9 minimal
media. The antimicrobial peptides would poke holes in the membrane of the salmonella
and make more compounds effective in killing the salmonella (easier for them to get into
the salmonella)
hypersusceptible - ANSWER-responding at low levels of exposure. Ex making the
Salmonella hyperpermeable also makes it hypersusceptible to antibiotics
high throughput screening - ANSWER-rapid testing process involving a large number of
experimental drugs
Phenotypic screening - ANSWER-a strategy used in drug discovery to identify
molecules with the ability to alter a cell's phenotype. Animal models and cell-based
assays are both strategies used to identify these molecules. (ie the set of observable
characteristics)
-compound screens (zooming out)
Solubility - ANSWER-A measure of how much solute can dissolve in a given solvent at
a given temperature.
Selectivity - ANSWER-Drug elicits only the response for which it is given
Potency - ANSWER-the strength of something such as a drug or alcoholic beverage.
MIC - ANSWER-Minimal inhibitory concentrations- the lowest concentration of an
antimicrobial (like an antifungal, antibiotic or bacteriostatic) drug that will inhibit the
visible growth of a microorganism after overnight incubation.
, therapeutic index - ANSWER-the ratio between the toxic and therapeutic concentrations
of a drug (LD50/ED50)
ED50 - ANSWER-An abbreviation for the effective dose of a chemical that causes 50
percent of the individuals in a dose-response study to display a harmful, but nonlethal,
effect
TD50 - ANSWER-toxic dose in 50% of the population
dose-response curve - ANSWER-Graph displaying dosage (usually logarithmic) on the
x-axis and % of the sample experiencing effects on the y-axis
TPP - ANSWER-A target product profile (TPP) outlines the desired 'profile' or
characteristics of a target product that is aimed at a particular disease or diseases.
Bioavailability - ANSWER-A measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug
and route (from 0% to 100%).
MDR - ANSWER-multi-drug resistant
Pharmacokinetics - ANSWER-the study of drug movement throughout the body
bioanalytical assays - ANSWER-Methods for quantitative measurement of a drug, drug
metabolites, or chemicals in biological fluids. in biological fluids, primarily blood, plasma,
serum, urine, or tissue extracts
medicinal chemistry - ANSWER-study of new drug synthesis; relationship between
chemical structure and biological effects
efficacy - ANSWER-the ability to produce a desired or intended result
in vivo - ANSWER-involves testing or with living subjects such as animals, plants or
whole cells. For example, clinical trials focused on assessing the safety and efficacy of
an experimental drug in humans are considered in BLANK studies
in vitro - ANSWER-within a glass, observable within a test tube- Cell culture. studies
carried out with microorganisms or biological molecules outside of their normal
biological environment
-It should be an enzyme with a critical function in a biochemical pathway of central
importance to the bacterial cell. Also the target should be easily accessible (say a
protein on the surface of the cell). Also targeting things that are specific to the bacteria
and not specific to the person is good because it helps avoid toxicity/side effects.
-To identify a new essential target that won't risk collateral damage to the human host -
ANSWER-Describe the qualities of an ideal drug target
